Research

In the book “How to Control Your Thoughts and Feelings,” references are made to many hundreds of different research that the book is based on. All of these are listed below with reference numbers.

Many research result directly support the content of the book and the lecture. Additionally, there are other research included where the primary aim of the research was different, but the results still indirectly support the book’s conclusions.

Each of the listed research is accompanied by a heading that indicates what has been extracted from the individual study. I have also included information on where to find abstracts of these research online. This is intended to make it easier for those who wish to delve deeper into the underlying evidence.

Note 1

Knudsen, A.E. (2012) Hvor svært kan det være? Gyldendal.

Note 2

Heavy users of many concurrent forms of media become increasingly bad at concentrating and distinguishing between relevant and irrelevant information as well as at juggling tasks. The brain has only the capacity to make one conscious decision at a time. Pure attention is undividable.
Ophir, E., Nass, C. & Wagner, A.-D. (2009) ”Cognitive control in media multitaskers”. Psychological and Cognitive Science 106(37), p. 15583-15587.
Abstract: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0903620106

Heavy multitasking goes hand in hand with a declining ability to concentrate, dwindling memory and general intellectual diminishment. It stops the activity in hippocampus. An inactive hippocampus is comparable to an injured hippocampus which is found in people suffering from Alzheimer’s – so, loss of memory and serious distraction.
Poldrack, R. (2007) ”Multi-tasking Adversely Affects Brain’s Learning, UCLA Psychologists Report”. Science Daily, 26 July 2006.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060726083302.htm#:~:text=%22Multi%2Dtasking%20adversely%20affects%20how,retrieve%20the%20information%20as%20easily

Note 3

Kahneman, D. (2013) Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Note 4

Spending time in nature improves physical and mental health.
Maddock, J.E., Suess, C., Bratman, G.N., Smock, C., Kellstedt, D., Gustat, J., Perry, C.K. & Kaczynski, A.T. (2020) ”Development and validation of self-efficiency and intention measures for spending time in nature”. BMC Psychology 10, article 51.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/nature-mental-health-20425/

Note 5

Pubmed search results concerning ABM, ATT etc.

Attentional Bias Modification reduces clinical depression and enhances attention towards happiness.
Dai, Q., Hu, L. & Feng, Z. (2019) ”Attentional bias modification reduces clinical depression and enhances attention toward happiness”. Journal of Psychiatric Research 109, p. 145-155.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30551021/

Brain structure changes induced by attention bias modification training.
Abend, R., Rosenfelder, A., Sgamai, D., Pine, D.S., Tavor, I., Assaf, Y. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2019) ”Brain structure changes induced by attention bias modification training”. Biological Psychology 146, article 107736.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31352029/

Attention Bias Modification is associated with fMRI response towards negative stimuli in individuals with residual depression.
Hilland, E., Landrø, N.I., Harmer, C.J. Browning, M., Maglanoc, L.A. & Jonassen, R. (2019) ”Attentional bias modification is associated with fMRI response toward negative stimuli in individuals with residual depression: a randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 45(1), p. 23-33.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31397551/

AMB on residual symptoms in depression.
Jonassen, R., Harmer, C.J., Hilland, E., Maglanoc, L.A., Kraft, B., Browning, M., Stiles, T.C., Haaland, V.Ø., Berge, T. & Landrø, N.I. (2019) ”Effects of Attentional Bias Modification on residual symptoms in depression: a randomized controlled trial”. BMC Psychiatry 19(1), p. 141.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31068158/

ABM induces spontaneous brain activity changes in young women with subthreshold depression.
Li, H., Wei, D., Browning, M., Du, X., Zhang, Q. & Qiu, J. (2016) ”Attentional bias modification (ABM) training induces spontaneous brain activity changes in young women with subthreshold depression: a randomized controlled trial”. Psychological Medicine 46(5), p. 909-920.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26554304/

ABM for adolescents with major depression.
Yang, W., Zhang, J.X., Ding, Z. & Xiao, L. (2016) ”Attention Bias Modification Treatment for Adolescents With Major Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 55(3), p. 208-218.e2.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26903254/

Attention Bias Modification treatment for adolescents with major depression.
Yang, W., Zhang, J.X., Ding, Z. & Xiao, L. (2016) ”Attention Bias Modification Treatment for Adolescents With Major Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 55(3), p. 208-218.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0890856715008217

Attentional Bias Training reduces symptoms of anxiety.
Klosowska, J., Blaut, A. & Paulewicz, B. (2015) ”Attentional bias training in reducing symptoms of anxiety”. Psychiatria Polska 49(1), p. 57-66.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25844410/

Attentional bias modification reduced social phobia in adolescents.
De Voogd, E.L., Wiers, R.W., Prins, P.M.J. & Salemink, E. (2014) ”Visual search attentional bias modification reduced social phobia in adolescents”. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 45(2), p. 252-259.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24361543/

Cognitive Bias Modification can cure anxiety.
Beard, C. (2011) ”Cognitive bias modification for anxiety: current evidence and future directions”. Expert Review Neurotherapeutics 11(2), p. 299-311.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21306216/

Cognitive Bias Modification reduces vulnerability to anxiety and relieves dysfunctional anxiety.
Macleod, C. & Matthews, A. (2012) ”Cognitive bias modification approaches to anxiety”. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 8, p. 189-217.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22035241/

Mobile ABMT is a solution for managing distress in chronical neurological states.
Charvet, L., George, A., Cho, H., Krupp, L.B. & Dennis-Tiwary, T.A. (2021) ”Mobile Attention Bias Modification Training Is a Digital Health Solution for Managing Distress in Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study in Pediatric Onset”. Frontiers in Neurology 12, article 719090.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34393986/

The effect of Attention Bias Modification can be measured biologically on level of stress and anxiety during pregnancy.
Dennis-Tiwary, T.A., Denefrio, p. & Gelber, p. (2017) ”Salutary effects of an attention bias modification mobile application on biobehavioral measures of stress and anxiety during pregnancy”. Biological Psychology 127, p. 148-156.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28478138/

ABM improves intrinsic network of attentional control.
Hakamata, Y., Mizukami, S., Komi, S., Sato, E., Moriguchi, Y., Motomura, Y., Mauro, K., Izawa, S., Kim, Y., Hanakawa, T., Inoue, Y. & Tagaya, H. (2018) ”Attentional bias modification alters intrinsic functional network of attentional control: A randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Affective Disorders 238., p. 472-481.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29929157/

ABM is a potentially efficient protective tool for temperamentally vulnerable children.
Liu, P., Taber-Thomas, B.C., Fu, X. & Perez-Edgar, K.E. (2018) ”Biobehavioral Markers of Attention Bias Modification in Temperamental Risk for Anxiety: A Randomized Control Trial”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 57(2), p. 103-110.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29413142/

ABM for anxiety induces structural neural changes.
Britton, J.C., Suway, J.G., Clementi, M.A., Fox, N.A., Pine, D.S. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2014) ”Neural changes with attention bias modification for anxiety: a randomized trial”. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 10(7), p. 913-920.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25344944/

ABM for anxiety is beneficial for everybody, but persons suffering from protracted amygdala response achieve lesser results.
Woody, M.L., Yang, J.O., Cummings, L., Gilchrist, D., Graur, S., Siegle, G.J. & Price, R.B. (2019) ”Protracted amygdalar response predicts efficacy of a computer-based intervention targeting attentional patterns in transdiagnostic clinical anxiety”. Translational Psychiatry 9(1), p. 121.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30923309/

ABM’s effect on anxiety measured by pupillary response.
Woody, M.L., Vaughn-Coaxum, R.A., Siegle, G.J. & Price, R.B. (2020) ”Time course of pupillary response to threat words before and after attention bias modification for transdiagnostic anxiety disorders: A randomized controlled trial”. Brain and Behavior 10(8), article e01664.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32633901/

ABM for anxiety can be improved if targeted directly towards personalised negative threat images.
Price, R.B., Cummings, L., Gilchrist, D., Grauer, S., Banihashemi, L., Kuo, S.S. & Siegle, G.J. (2018) ”Towards personalized, brain-based behavioral intervention for transdiagnostic anxiety: Transient neural responses to negative images predict outcomes following a targeted computer-based intervention”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 86(12), p. 1031-1045.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30507228/

ABM is a new promising form of treatment for child and adolescent anxiety in relation to long-lasting speech therapy.
Howther, H. & Newman, E. (2014) ”Attention bias modification (ABM) as a treatment for child and adolescent anxiety: a systematic review”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 168, p. 125-135.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25046738/

ABM reduces pediatric anxiety symptoms and degree of severity.
Eldar, S., Apter, A., Lotan, D., Edgar, K.P., Naim, R., Fox, N.A., Pine, D.S. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2012) ”Attention bias modification treatment for pediatric anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial”. The American Journal of Psychiatry 169(2), p. 213-220.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22423353/

Effect of internet-based ABM on the anxiety of Japanese workers.
Tayama, J., Shimazu, A., Ogawa, p. & Nakaya, N. (2021) ”Effect of internet-based attention bian modification on the anxiety of Japanese workers: A randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Occupational Health 63(1), article e12229.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33932320/

Computerised attention training procedures beneficial for treatment of social phobia.
Amir, N., Beard, C., Taylor, C.T., Klumpp, H., Elias, J., Burns, M.N. & Chen, X. (2009) ”Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: a randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77(5), p. 961-973.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19803575/

Internet-delivered CBT has effect on university students with social anxiety and glossophobia.
Tilfors, M., Andersson, G., Ekselius, L., Furmark, T., Lewenhaupt, S., Karlsson, A. & Carlbring, P. (2011) ”A randomized trial of Internet-delivered treatment for social anxiety disorder in high school students”. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 40(2), p. 147-157.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25155815/

CBM and CBT changed negative attention disturbances in a positive direction and reduced social anxiety symptoms.
Mobini, S., Mackintosh, B., Illingworth, J., Gega, L., Langdon, P. & Hoppitt, L. (2014) ”Effects of standard and explicit cognitive bias modification and computer-administered cognitive-behaviour therapy on cognitive biases and social anxiety”. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 45(2), p. 272-279.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24412966/

Both CBM and CBT gave significantly reduced levels of social anxiety, trait anxiety and depression and improved attention control.
Bowler, J.O., Mackintosh, B., Dunn, B.D., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T. & Hoppitt, L. (2012) ”A comparison of cognitive bias modification for interpretation and computerized cognitive behavior therapy: effects on anxiety, depression, attentional control, and interpretive bias”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 80(6), p. 1021-1033.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22963595/

ABMT is superior regards symptom reduction for social anxiety.
Naim, R., Kivity, Y., Bar-Haim, Y. & Huppert, J.D. (2018) ”Attention and interpretation bias modification treatment for social anxiety disorder: A randomized clinical trial of efficacy and synergy”. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 59, p. 19-30.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29127945/

ABMT gave significant reductions in social anxiety.
Pergamin-Hight, L., Pine, D.S., Fox, N.A. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2016) ”Attention bias modification for youth with social anxiety disorder”. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 57(11), p. 1317-1325.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27435286/

Links between age, learning processes and clinical response to ABMT.
Abend, R., Naim, R., Pergamin-Hight, L., Fox, N.A., Pine, D.S. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2019) ”Age Moderates Link Between Training Effects and Treatment Response to Attention Bias Modification Treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder”. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 47(5), 881-894.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30426323/

A gamified smartphone-based combined CBT and AAMT promotes patient engagement and is effective against depressive symptoms.
Kukas, C.A., Eskofier, B. & Berking, M. (2021) ”A Gamified Smartphone-Based Intervention for Depression: Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial”. JMIR Mental Health 8(7), article e16643.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34283037/

Approach-avoidance modification training – AAMT – can reduce symptoms of depression.
Lukas, C.A. & Berking, M. (2021) ”Blending group-based psychoeducation with a smartphone intervention for the reduction of depressive symptoms: results of a randomized controlled pilot study”. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 7(1), p. 57.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33627198/

IMP generated more positive interpretations and fewer negative interpretations after training.
Zhang, F., Huang, C., Mao, X., Hou, T., Sun, L., Zhou, Y. & Deng, G. (2021) ”Efficacy of the Chinese version interpretation bias modification training in an unselected sample: A randomized trial”. PLOS One 16(7), article e0255224.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29127945/

Multi-session computer-controlled IMP significantly reduced threat interpretations and increased benevolent interpretations.
Amir, N. & Taylor, C.T. (2012) ”Interpretation training in individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 80(3), p. 497-511.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250851/

CBM-I for reducing social anxiety showed positive neural changes.
Sakaki, K., Nozawa, T., Ikeda, p. & Kawashima, R. (2020) ”Neural correlates of cognitive bias modification for interpretation”. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15(2), p. 247-260.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32322880/

CBM for threat interpretations has impact on anxiety symptoms and stress reactivity.
Rozeman, M., Gonzalez, A., Logan, C. & Goger, P. (2020) ”Cognitive bias modification for threat interpretations: Impact on anxiety symptoms and stress reactivity”. Depression and Anxiety 37(5), p. 438-448.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32301579/

CBM-I can be used as a preventive tool for reducing anxiety.
Hoppitt, L., Illingworth, J.L., MacLeod, C., Hampshire, A., Dunn, B.D. & Mackintosh, B. (2014) ”Modifying social anxiety related to a real-life stressor using online Cognitive Bias Modification for interpretation”. Behavior Research and Therapy 52(100), p. 45-52.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24317281/

Digital mental health interventions are effective for reducing depression and anxiety and improving psychological well-being among college students.
Wafford, Q.E. & Graham, A.K. (2019) ”Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression, Anxiety, and Enhancement of Psychological Well-Being Among College Students: Systematic Review”. Journal of Medical Internet Research 21(7), article e12869.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31333198/

CBM and iCBT show significant reductions in primary goals for depression and interpretation bias.
Williams, A.D., O’Moore, K., Blackwell, S.E., Smith, J., Holmes, E.A. & Andrews, G. (2015) ”Positive imagery cognitive bias modification (CBM) and internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT): a randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Affective Disorders 178, p. 131-141.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25805405/

Computerised Cognitive Bias Modification CBM showed significant reductions in primary goals for symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Williams, A.D., Blackwell, S.E., Mackenzie, A., Holmes, E.A. & Andrews, G. (2013) ”Combining imagination and reason in the treatment of depression: a randomized controlled trial of internet-based cognitive-bias modification and internet-CBT for depression”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 81(5), p. 793-799.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23750459/

Evidence for the effect of cCBT in the treatment of symptoms of anxiety and depression in youth.
Ebert, D.D., Zarski, A.C., Christensen, H., Stikkelbroek, Y., Cuijpers, P., Berking, M. & Riper, H. (2015) ”Internet and computer-based cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression in youth: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled outcome trials”. PLOS One 10(3), article e0119895.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25786025/

iCBT, patient-driven, is more effective as regards anxiety than standard iCBT.
Nissling, L., Krapelien, M., Kaldo, V., Hange, D., Larsson, A., Persson, M. & Weineland, p. (2021) ”Effects of patient-driven iCBT for anxiety in routine primary care and the relation between increased experience of empowerment and outcome: A randomized controlled trial”. Internet Interview 26, article 100456.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34603972/

CBM is effective against anxiety among adults, and the result emphasised some conditions where CBM is the most efficient.
Jones, E.B. & Sharpe, L. (2017) ”Cognitive bias modification: A review of meta-analyses”. Journal of Affective Disorders 223, p. 175-183.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28759865/

BC-ABM and ACT provide considerable reductions in symptoms and is a promising treatment of PTSD.
Lazarov, A., Suarez, Jimenez, B., Abend, R., Naim, R., Shvil, E., Helpman, L., Zhu, X., Tapini, A., Duroski, A., Rom, R., Schneier, F.R., Pine, D.S., Bar-Haim, Y. & Neria, Y. (2019) ”Bias-contingent attention bias modification and attention control training in treatment of PTSD: a randomized control trial”. Psychological Medicine 49(14), p. 2432-2440.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30415648/

AMB has an effect on residual symptoms of depression.
Jonassen, R., Harmer, C.J., Hilland, E., Maglanoc, L.A., Kraft, B., Browning, M., Stiles, T.C., Haaland, V.Ø., Berge, T. & Landrø, N.I. (2019) ”Effects of Attentional Bias Modification on residual symptoms in depression: a randomized controlled trial”. BMC Psychiatry 19(1), p. 141.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31068158/

ABM provided improved attention control and thus less drug addiction.
Parvas, M.A., Malaker, P., Zilverstabd, A., Moeller, S.J., Alia-Klein. N. & Goldstein, R.Z. (2021) ”Attention bias modification in drug addiction: Enhancing control of subsequent habits”. PNAS 118 (23), article e2012941118.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34074751/

Computerised AMP+CCBT is an effective and easily available treatment option for persons suffering from generalised anxiety disorder.
Amir, N. & Taylor, C.T. (2012) ”Combining computerized home-based treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: an attention modification program and cognitive behavioral therapy”. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43(3), p. 546-559.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22697443/

Results support ABM’s potential for reducing anxiety among children.
Chang, S.W., Kuckertz, J.M., Bose, D., Carmona, A.R., Piacentini, J. & Amir, N. (2019) ”Efficacy of Attention Bias Training for Child Anxiety Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Child Psychiatry & Human Development 50(2), p. 198-208.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30051155/

Attention Bias Modification has an effect on youth with treatment-resistant anxiety disorders.
Pettit, J.W., Bechor, M., Rey, Y., Vasey, M.V., Abend, R., Pine, D.S., Bar-Haim, Y., Jaccard, J. & Silverman, W.K. (2020) ”A Randomized Controlled Trial of Attention Bias Modification Treatment in Youth With Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 59, p. 157-165.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30877049/

Attentional processes against threats are implicated as key mechanisms in anxiety and can be modified using ABM.
Price, R.B., Woody, M.L., Panny, B. & Siegle, G.J. (2019) ”Pinpointing mechanisms of a mechanistic treatment: Dissociable roles for overt and covert attentional processes in acute and long-term outcomes following Attention Bias Modification”. Clinical Psychological Science 7(5), p. 1042-1062.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31984167/

ABM significantly reduces the participants’ fear of negative evaluations and interactional anxiety.
Liang, C.W. & Hsu, W.Y. (2016) ”Effects of attention bias modification with short and long stimulus-duration: A randomized experiment with individuals with subclinical social anxiety”. Psychiatry Research 240, p. 80-87.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27092860/

ABM-500 bias-reduction significantly connected with increased pain tolerance.
Bowler, J.O., Bartholomew, K.J., Kellar, I., Makintosh, B., Hoppitt, L. & Bayliss, A.P. (2017) ”Attentional bias modification for acute experimental pain: A randomized controlled trial of retraining early versus later attention on pain severity, threshold and tolerance”. European Journal of Pain 21(1), p. 112-124.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27351896/

ABM positive-search-training looks promising as regards reducing anxiety.
Mogg, K., Waters, A.M. & Bradley, B.P. (2017) ”Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals”. Clinical Psychological Science 5(4), p. 698-717.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28752017/

The effect of app-supported smartphone interventions for general mental health problems confirmed.
Linardon, J., Cuijpers, P., Carlbring, P., Messer, M. & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2019) ”The efficacy of app-supported smartphone interventions for mental health problems: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials”. World Psychiatry 18(3), p. 325-336.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31496095/

Psychological interventions delivered via smartphone units can reduce anxiety.
Firth, J., Torous, J., Nicholas, J., Carney, R., Rosenbaum, p. & Sarris, J. (2017) ”Can smartphone mental health interventions reduce symptoms of anxiety? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials”. Journal of Affective Disorders 218, p. 15-22.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28456072/

Reducing stress and anxiety demonstrated via training games and relaxing video games for children, adults and elderly people.
Pallavicini, F., Pepe, A. & Mantovani, F. (2021) ”Commercial Off-The-Shelf Video Games for Reducing Stress and Anxiety: Systematic Review”. JMIR Mental Health 8(8), article e28150.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34398795/

The results prove the advantages of video game training for cognitive and emotional skills in adults, especially young adults.
Pallavicini, F., Ferrari, A. & Mantovani, F. (2018) ”Video Games for Well-Being: A Systematic Review on the Application of Computer Games for Cognitive and Emotional Training in the Adult Population”. Frontiers in Psychology 9, p. 2127.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30464753/

Four sessions with ABMT, provided to soldiers prior to being sent to combat, reduced the risk of PTSD after combat exposure.
Wald, I., Ginat, K., Stolin, E., Dagan, D., Bliese, P.D., Quartana, P.J., Sipos, M.L., Pine, D.S. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2016) ”Selective prevention of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder using attention bias modification training: a randomized controlled trial”. Psychological Medicine 46(12), p. 2627-2637.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27377418/

ABMT has potential as preventive intervention for reducing the risk of stress-related symptoms connected to combat exposure.
Wald, I., Bitton, S., Levi, O., Zusmanovich, S., Fruchter, E., Ginat, K., Charney, D.S., Pine, D.S. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2017) ”Acute delivery of attention bias modification training (ABMT) moderates the association between combat exposure and posttraumatic symptoms: A feasibility study”. Biological Psychology 122, p. 93-97.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26780267/

Attention training modulates neurophysiological abnormalities in persons suffering from PTSD.
Badura-Brack, A., McDermott, T.J., Becker, K.M., Ryan, T.J., Khanna, M.M., Pine, D.S., BarHaim, Y., Hendrichs-Graham, E. & Wilson, T.W. (2018) ”Attention training modulates resting-state neurophysiological abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder”. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 271, p. 135-141.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29174765/

ABM is a useful tool for preventing symptoms of depression.
Yang, W., Ding, Z., Dai, T., Peng, F. & Zhang, J.X. (2015) ”Attention Bias Modification training in individuals with depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 49(Pt A), p. 101-111.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25245928/

Attentional bias modification works as a cognitive vaccine against depression.
Browning, M., Holmes, E.A., Charles, M., Cowen, P.J. & Harmer, C.J. (2012) ”Using attentional bias modification as a cognitive vaccine against depression”. Biological Psychiatry 72(7), p. 572-579.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22579509/

Depressed persons with negative attentional bias benefited from active ABMT.
Hsu, K.J., Shumake, J., Caffey, K., Risom, S., Labrada, J., Smits, J.A.J., Schnyer, D.M. & Beevers, C.G. (2021) ”Efficacy of attention bias modification training for depressed adults: a randomized clinical trial”. Psychological Medicine 52(16), p. 1-9.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33766151/

Note 6

Many research results show that Attention Bias Modification works against anxiety.

Attention Bias Modification against social anxiety.
Heeren, A., Mogoase, C., McNally, R.J., Schmitz, A. & Philippot, P. (2014) ”Does attention bias modification improve attentional control? A double-blind randomized experiment with individuals with social anxiety disorder”. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 29, 2015, p. 35-42.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0887618514001686?via%3Dihub

Attention training is a form of cognitive behavioural therapy that is an effective treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.
James, A.C., James, G., Cowdrey, F.A., Soler, A. & Choke, A. (2015) ”Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, second edition, article CD004690.
Abstract: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004690.pub4/full

Attention training in the form of Group Mindfulness Therapy (GMT) showed significant improvement in relation to anxiety, internalisation, stress and attention.
Weare, K. (2012) ”Evidence of the Impact of Mindfulness on Children and Young People”. Universities of Exeter and Southampton, April 2012.
Abstract: https://mindfulnessinschools.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/MiSP-Research-Summary-2012.pdf

Attention training in the form of GMT provided significant results in relation to adolescent anxiety.
Crowley, M.J., Nicholls, S.S., McCarthy, D., Greatorex, K., Wu, J. & Mayes, L.C. (2017) ”Innovations in practice: group mindfulness for adolescent anxiety – results of an open trial”. The Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health 23(2) 2018, p. 130-133.
Abstract: https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/camh.12214

ABM is a promising new form of treatment for children and adolescents suffering from anxiety and better than lengthy speech-based therapy.
Lowther, H. & Newman, E. (2014) ”Attention bias modification (ABM) as a treatment for child and adolescent anxiety: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders 168, p. 125-135.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032714004194

Attention training in the form of internet-based CBT significantly reduces anxiety in children and adolescents.
March, S., Spence, S.H. & Donovan C.L. (2009) ”The Efficacy of an Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Intervention for Child Anxiety Disorders”. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 34, p. 474-487.
Abstract: https://academic.oup.com/jpepsy/article-pdf/34/5/474/6313867/jsn099.pdf

Internet-based attention training made 70 to 80 percent anxious children anxious-free.
Khanna, M. & Kendall, P. (2010) ”Computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety: results of a randomized clinical trial”. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, October.
Abstract: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Computer-assisted-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-Khanna-Kendall/f547b2ed93fd4962c11aa79b0ab932590ad3f772?p2df

Adolescents with social anxiety treated with CBT attention training have experienced positive effects for more than a year afterwards.
Kerns, C.M., Read, K.L., Klugman, J. & Kendall, P.C. (2013) ”Cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with social anxiety: Differential short and long-term treatment outcomes”. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 27(2), p. 210-215.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0887618513000212

Doctorate on 588 studies of Attention Bias Modification, conclusion: great effect on anxiety and depression in adolescents.
Brown, A. (2014) ”Predictors of change in treatment outcome for parent-delivered guided CBT bibliotherapy for children with anxiety: Effects of age, severity and comorbidity at long term follow-up”. Doctoral thesis (D.Clin.Psy), UCL (University College London).
Abstract: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1449265/

Considerable clinical benefits through guided self-help-CBT, delivered via parents, to children with anxiety disorders.
Thirlwall, K., Cooper, P.J., Karalus, J., Voysey, M., Willetts, L. & Creswell, C. (2013) ”Treatment of child anxiety disorders via guided parent-delivered cognitive–behavioural therapy: Randomised controlled trial”. The British Journal of Psychiatry 203(6), p. 436-444.
Abstract: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/treatment-of-child-anxiety-disorders-via-guided-parentdelivered-cognitivebehavioural-therapy-randomised-controlled-trial/4CCCF3D323E0034D694BDE3F250AD357

Which children with anxiety disorders benefit the most from CBT attention training?
Hudson, J.L., Lester, K.J., Lewis, C.M., Tropeano, M., Creswell, C., Collier, D.A., Cooper, P., Lyneham, H.J., Morris, T., Rapee, R.K., Roberts, S., Donald, J.A. & Eley, T.C. (2013) ”Predicting outcomes following cognitive behaviour therapy in child anxiety disorders: the influence of genetic, demographic and clinical information”. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54, p. 1086-1094.
Abstract: https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcpp.12092

Attention Bias Modification can improve present-day anxiety disorder treatments.
Bar-Haim, Y. (2010) ”Research review: Attention bias modification (ABM): A novel treatment for anxiety disorders”. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 51, p. 859-870.
Abstract: https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02251.x

Computerised attention training procedures are beneficial in the treatment of social phobia.
Amir, N., Beard, C., Taylor, C.T., Klumpp, H., Elias, J., Burns, M.N. & Chen, X. (2009) ”Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: a randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77(5), p. 961-973.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19803575/

Attention training reduces attention bias for threats and social anxiety.
Heeren, A., Lievens, L. & Philippot, P. (2011) ”How does attention training work in social phobia: disengagement from threat or re-engagement to non-threat?” Journal of Anxiety Disorders 25(8), p. 1108-1115.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21907539/

Note 7

ABM works as a cognitive vaccine against depression.
Browning, M., Holmes, E.A., Charles, M., Cowen, P.J. & Harmer, C.J. (2012) ”Using attentional bias modification as a cognitive vaccine against depression”. Biological Psychiatry 72(7), p. 572-579.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22579509/

Note 8

Attention training works against depression.

Attention training works as a vaccine against depression.
Browning, M., Holmes, E.A., Charles, M., Cowen, P.J. & Hamar, C.J. (2012) ”Using Attentional Bias Modification as a Cognitive Vaccine Against Depression”. Biological Psychiatry 72(7), p. 572-579.
Abstract: https://www.psykiatri-regionh.dk/presse-og-nyt/Forskningsresumeer/Sider/To-ugers-opmaerksomhedstraening-forebygger-depression.aspx

Two weeks of attention training prevents depression. Attention Control Training reduces the risk of being affected by depression within a year with 38 percent.
Wolinsky, F.D., Mahncke, H.W., Weg, M.W.V., Martin, R., Unverzagt, F.W., Ball, K.K., Jones, R.N. & Tennstedt, S.L. (2009) ”The Active Cognitive Training Interventions and the Onset of and Recovery from Suspected Clinical Depression”. The Journal of Gerontology, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 64B(5), p. 577-585.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728092/

Speed-of-processes training reduces depressive symptoms with 30 percent measured up to five years.
Wolinsky, F.D., Vander Weg, M.W., Martin, R., Unverzagt, F.W., Ball, K.K., Jones, R.N. & Tennstedt, S.L. (2009) ”The effect of speed-of-processing training on depressive symptoms in ACTIVE”. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 64(4), p. 468-472.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19181719/

Attention training in the form of goal management improved everyday executive functions and reduced depressive symptoms.
Hagen, B.I., Lau, B., Joormann, J., Småstuen, M.C., Landrø, N.I. & Stubberud, J. (2020) ”Goal management training as a cognitive remediation intervention in depression: A randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Affective Disorders 275, p. 268-277.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32734919/

Computerised attention training works faster than escitalopram against depression and improves executive abilities.
Morimoto, S.S., Wexler, B.E., Liu, J., Hu, W., Seirup, J. & Alexopoulos, G.S. (2014) ”Neuroplasticity-based computerized cognitive remediation for treatment-resistant geriatric depression”. Nature Communications 5, p. 4579.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25093396/

ATT has since been acknowledged as an effective stand-alone form of treatment for both anxiety and depression.
Fergus, T.A. & Bardeen, J.R. (2016). ”The attention training technique: A review of a neurobehavioral therapy for emotional disorders”. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 23(4), p. 502-516.
Abstract: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2015-59112-001

A systematic review of efficacy of the attention training technique in clinical and non-clinical samples.
Knowles, M.M., Foder, F., El-Deredy, W. & Wells, A. (2016) ”A Systematic Review of Efficacy of the Attention Training Technique in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 72, p. 999-1025.
Abstract: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jclp.22312

Cognitive control training works against depression.
Siegle, G.J., Ghinassi, F. & Thase, M.E. (2007) ”Neurobehavioral Therapies in the 21st Century: Summary of an Emerging Field and an Extended Example of Cognitive Control Training for Depression”. Cogn. Therapy Res. 31(2), p. 235-262.
Abstract: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225563390_Neurobehavioral_Therapies_in_the_21st_Century_Summary_of_an_Emerging_Field_and_an_Extended_Example_of_Cognitive_Control_Training_for_Depression

Neurocognitive intervention for rumination in depression.
Siegle, G.J., Price, R.B., Jones, N.P., Ghinassi, F., Painter, T. & Thase, M.E. (2014) ”You Gotta Work at It: Pupillary Indices of Task Focus Are Prognostic for Response to a Neurocognitive Intervention for Rumination in Depression”. Clinical Psychological Science 2(4), p. 455-471.
Abstract: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270671663_You_Gotta_Work_at_It_Pupillary_Indices_of_Task_Focus_Are_Prognostic_for_Response_to_a_Neurocognitive_Intervention_for_Rumination_in_Depression

Attentional Bias Modification reduces clinical depression and enhances attention toward happiness.
Dai, Q., Hu, L. & Feng, Z. (2019) ”Attentional bias modification reduces clinical depression and enhances attention toward happiness”. Journal of Psychiatric Research 109, p. 145-155.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30551021/

Attentional Bias Modification is associated with fMRI response towards negative stimuli in individuals with residual depression.
Hilland, E., Landrø, N.I., Harmer, C.J., Browning, M., Maglanoc, L.A. & Jonassen, R. (2019) ”Attentional bias modification is associated with fMRI response toward negative stimuli in individuals with residual depression: a randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 45(1), p. 23-33.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31397551/

AMB works against residual symptoms in depression.
Jonassen, R., Harmer, C.J., Hilland, E., Maglanoc, L.A., Kraft, B., Browning, M., Stiles, T.C., Haaland, V.Ø., Berge, T. & Landrø, N.I. (2019) ”Effects of Attentional Bias Modification on residual symptoms in depression: a randomized controlled trial”. BMC Psychiatry 19(1), p. 141.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31068158/

ABM induces spontaneous brain activity changes in young women suffering from subthreshold depression.
Li, H., Wei, D., Browning, M., Du, X., Zhang, Q. & Qiu, J. (2016) ”Attentional bias modification (ABM) training induces spontaneous brain activity changes in young women with subthreshold depression: a randomized controlled trial”. Psychological Medicine 46(5), p. 909-920.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26554304/

ABM works for adolescents with major depression.
Yang, W., Zhang, J.X., Ding, Z. & Xiao, L. (2016) ”Attention Bias Modification Treatment for Adolescents With Major Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 55(3), p. 208-218.e2.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26903254/

Attention Bias Modification treatment of adolescents with major depression.
Yang, W., Zhang, J.X, Ding, Z. & Xiao, L. (2016) ”Attention Bias Modification Treatment for Adolescents With Major Depression: A Randomized Controlled”. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 55(3), p. 208-218.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0890856715008217

Both CBM and CBT provided significantly reduced levels of social anxiety, trait anxiety and depression and improved attention control.
Bowler, J.O., Mackintosh, B., Dunn, B.D., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T. & Hoppitt, L. (2012) ”A comparison of cognitive bias modification for interpretation and computerized cognitive behavior therapy: effects on anxiety, depression, attentional control, and interpretive bias”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 80(6), p. 1021-1033.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22963595/

A gamified smartphone-based combined CBT and AAMT promotes patient engagement and is effective against symptoms of depression.
Kukas, C.A., Eskofier, B. & Berking, M. (2021) ”A Gamified Smartphone-Based Intervention for Depression: Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial”. JMIR Mental Health 8(7), article e16643.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34283037/

Digital mental health interventions are effective for reducing depression and anxiety and providing improved psychological well-being among college students.
Wafford, Q.E. & Graham, A.K. (2019) ”Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression, Anxiety, and Enhancement of Psychological Well-Being Among College Students: Systematic Review”. Journal of Medical Internet Research 21(7), article e12869.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31333198/

Computerised Cognitive Bias Modification, CBM, showed significant reduction in primary goals for symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Williams, A.D., Blackwell, S.E., Mackenzie, A., Holmes, E.A. & Andrews, G. (2013) ”Combining imagination and reason in the treatment of depression: a randomized controlled trial of internet-based cognitive-bias modification and internet-CBT for depression”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 81(5), p. 793-799.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23750459/

Evidence for effectiveness of cCBT in the treatment of symptoms of anxiety and depression in youth.
Ebert, D.D., Zarski, A.C., Christensen, H., Stikkelbroek, Y., Cuijpers, P., Berking, M. & Riper, H. (2015) ”Internet and computer-based cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression in youth: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled outcome trials”. PLOS One 10(3), article e0119895.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25786025/

ABM is a useful tool for the prevention of symptoms of depression.
Yang, W., Ding, Z., Dai, T., Peng, F. & Zhang, J.X. (2015) ”Attention Bias Modification training in individuals with depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 49(Pt A), p. 101-111.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25245928/

Depressed persons with a negative attention bias benefited from active ABMT.
Hsu, K.J., Shumake, J., Caffey, K., Risom, S., Labrada, J., Smits, J.A.J., Schnyer, D.M. & Beevers, C.G. (2021) ”Efficacy of attention bias modification training for depressed adults: a randomized clinical trial”. Psychological Medicine 52(16), p. 1-9.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33766151/

Attentional Bias Training is most effective as regards mild symptoms because it concerns prevention.
Baert, S., De Raedt, R., Schacht, R. & Koster, E.H.W. (2010) ”Attentional bias training in depression: therapeutic effect depend on depression severity”. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 41(3), p. 265-274.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20227062/

An increase in brain connections is beneficial in tackling symptoms of depression.
Parkhill, T. (2022) ”Structure of Adult Brain, Previously Thought to Be Fixed, Is Altered by Depression Treatment”. The findings were presented at the 35^th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology annual conference.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/brain-connectivity-depression-21668/

Note 9

Attention training that works against anxiety.

Attention Bias Modification helps adolescents with treatment-resistant anxiety.
Pettit, J.W., Bechor, M., Rey, Y., Vasey, M.V., Abend, R., Pine, D.S., Bar-Haim, Y., Jaccard, J. & Silverman, W.K. (2020) ”A Randomized Controlled Trial of Attention Bias Modification Treatment in Youth With Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 59, p. 157-165.
Abstract: https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(19)30199-6/fulltext

ATT has been acknowledged as an effective stand-alone treatment form against anxiety and depressive disorders.
Fergus, T.A. & Bardeen, J.R. (2016) ”The Attention Training Technique: A review of a neurobehavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders”. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 23(4), p. 502-506.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1077722915000899?via%3Dihub

ATT is effective for the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders and can relieve some symptoms of schizophrenia.
Knowles, M.M., Foder, F., El-Deredy, W. & Wells, A. (2016) ”A Systematic Review of Efficacy of the Attention Training Technique in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 72(10), p. 999-1025.
Abstract: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jclp.22312

Attention Bias Modification reduced social phobia in adolescents.
De Voogd, E.L., Wiers, R.W., Prins, P.M.J. & Salemink, E. (2014) ”Visual search attentional bias modification reduced social phobia in adolescents”. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 45(2), p. 252-259.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24361543/

CBM works can cure anxiety.
Beard, C. (2011) ”Cognitive bias modification for anxiety: current evidence and future directions”. Expert Review Neurotherapeutics 11(2), p. 299-311.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21306216/

Cognitive Bias Modification can reduce anxiety vulnerability and relieve dysfunctional anxiety.
MacLeod, C. & Matthews, A. (2012) ”Cognitive bias modification approaches to anxiety”. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 8, p. 189-217.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22035241/

ABM is a potentially effective protective tool for temperamentally vulnerable children.
Liu, P., Taber-Thomas, B.C., Fu, X. & Perez-Edgar, K.E. (2018) ”Biobehavioral Markers of Attention Bias Modification in Temperamental Risk for Anxiety: A Randomized Control Trial”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 57(2), p. 103-110.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29413142/

ABM against anxiety showed structural neural changes.
Britton, J.C., Suway, J.G., Clementi, M.A., Fox, N.A., Pine, D.S. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2014) ”Neural changes with attention bias modification for anxiety: a randomized trial”. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 10(7), p. 913-920.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25344944/

Everybody can benefit from ABM against anxiety, but persons with lengthy amygdala response achieve minor results.
Woody, M.L., Yang, J.O., Cummings, L., Gilchrist, D., Graur, S., Siegle, G.J. & Price, R.B. (2019) ”Protracted amygdalar response predicts efficacy of a computer-based intervention targeting attentional patterns in transdiagnostic clinical anxiety”. Translational Psychiatry 9(1), p. 121.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30923309/

The effect of ABM on anxiety measured on pupillary response.
Woody, M.L., Vaughn-Coaxum, R.A., Siegle, G.J. & Price, R.B. (2020) ”Time course of pupillary response to threat words before and after attention bias modification for transdiagnostic anxiety disorders: A randomized controlled trial”. Brain and Behavior 10(8), article e01664.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32633901/

ABM against anxiety can be improved if directed directly against the individual’s threat image.
Price, R.B., Cummings, L., Gilchrist, D., Grauer, S., Banihashemi, L., Kuo, S.S. & Siegle, G.J. (2018) ”Towards personalized, brain-based behavioral intervention for transdiagnostic anxiety: Transient neural responses to negative images predict outcomes following a targeted computer-based intervention”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 86(12), p. 1031-1045.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30507228/

ABM is a promising new form of treatment for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with advantages compared to lengthy speech-based therapy.
Howther, H. & Newman, E. (2014) ”Attention bias modification (ABM) as a treatment for child and adolescent anxiety: a systematic review”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 168, p. 125-135.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25046738/

ABM reduces pediatric symptoms and degree of anxiety.

Eldar, S., Apter, A., Lotan, D., Edgar, K.P., Naim, R., Fox, N.A., Pine, D.S. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2012) ”Attention bias modification treatment for pediatric anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial”. The American Journal of Psychiatry 169(2), p. 213-220.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22423353/

Effect of internet-based ABM on anxiety in Japanese workers.
Tayama, J., Shimazu, A., Ogawa, p. & Nakaya, N. (2021) ”Effect of internet-based attention bias modification on the anxiety of Japanese workers: A randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Occupational Health 63(1), article e12229.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33932320/

Computerised attention training procedures are beneficial for the treatment of social phobia.
Amir, N., Beard, C., Taylor, C.T., Klumpp, H., Elias, J., Burns, M.N. & Chen, X. (2009) ”Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: a randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77(5), p. 961-973.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19803575/

CBM and CBT changed negative attention disorders in a positive direction and reduced social anxiety symptoms.
Mobini, S., Mackintosh, B., Illingworth, J., Gega, L., Langdon, P. & Hoppitt, L. (2014) ”Effects of standard and explicit cognitive bias modification and computer-administered cognitive-behaviour therapy on cognitive biases and social anxiety”. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 45(2), p. 272-279.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24412966/

ABMT is superior with regards to reducing social anxiety symptoms.
Naim, R., Kivity, Y., Bar-Haim, Y. & Huppert, J.D. (2018) ”Attention and interpretation bias modification treatment for social anxiety disorder: A randomized clinical trial of efficacy and synergy”. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 59, p. 19-30.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29127945/

Connections between age, learning process and clinical response to ABMT.
Abend, R., Naim, R., Pergamin-Hight, L., Fox, N.A., Pine, D.S. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2019) ”Age Moderates Link Between Training Effects and Treatment Response to Attention Bias Modification Treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder”. Journal of abnormal Child Psychology 47(5), p. 881-894.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30426323/

Multi-session computer-controlled Interpretation Modification Program, IMP, significantly reduced threat interpretations and improved benign interpretations.
Amir, N. & Taylor, C.T. (2012) ”Interpretation training in individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 80(3), p. 497-511.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250851/

CBM for threat interpretations reduces anxiety symptoms and stress reactivity.
Rozeman, M., Gonzalez, A., Logan, C. & Goger, P. (2020) ”Cognitive bias modification for threat interpretations: Impact on anxiety symptoms and stress reactivity”. Depression and Anxiety 37(5), p. 438-448.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32301579/

Digital mental health interventions are effective in reducing depression, anxiety and enhancing psychological well-being among college students.
Wafford, Q.E. & Graham, A.K. (2019) ”Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression, Anxiety, and Enhancement of Psychological Well-Being Among College Students: Systematic Review”. Journal of Medical Internet Research 21(7), article e12869.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31333198/

Patient-driven iCBT has a greater effect on anxiety than standard iCBT.
Nissling, L., Krapelien, M., Kaldo, V., Hange, D., Larsson, A., Persson, M. & Weineland, p. (2021) ”Effects of patient-driven iCBT for anxiety in routine primary care and the relation between increased experience of empowerment and outcome: A randomized controlled trial”. Internet Interview 26, article 100456.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34603972/

Computer-delivered AMP+CCBT is an effective and easily accessible treatment form for persons with generalised anxiety disorder.
Amir, N. & Taylor, C.T. (2012) ”Combining computerized home-based treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: an attention modification program and cognitive behavioral therapy”. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43(3), p. 546-559.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22697443/

Results support the potential of ABM for reducing anxiety in adolescents.
Chang, S.W., Kuckertz, J.M., Bose, D., Carmona, A.R., Piacentini, J. & Amir, N. (2019) ”Efficacy of Attention Bias Training for Child Anxiety Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Child Psychiatry & Human Development 50(2), p. 198-208.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30051155/

Attention Bias Modification effective for adolescents suffering from treatment-resistant anxiety disorders.
Pettit, J.W., Bechor, M., Rey, Y., Vasey, M.V., Abend, R., Pine, D.S., Bar-Haim, Y., Jaccard, J. & Silverman, W.K. (2020) ”A Randomized Controlled Trial of Attention Bias Modification Treatment in Youth With Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 59, p. 157-165.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30877049/

ABM significantly reduces the participants’ fear of negative evaluations and interactional anxiety.
Liang, C.W. & Hsu, W.Y. (2016) ”Effects of attention bias modification with short and long stimulus-duration: A randomized experiment with individuals with subclinical social anxiety”. Psychiatry Research 240, p. 80-87.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27092860/

ABM-positive-search-training seems promising as regards reducing anxiety.
Mogg, K., Waters, A.M. & Bradley, B.P. (2017) ”Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals”. Clinical Psychological Science 5(4), p. 698-717.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28752017/

Efficacy for reducing stress and anxiety demonstrated for training games and relaxing video games for children, adults and elderly people.
Pallavicini, F., Pepe, A. & Mantovani, F. (2021) ”Commercial Off-The-Shelf Video Games for Reducing Stress and Anxiety: Systematic Review”. JMIR Mental Health 8(8), article e28150.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34398795/

Half of the patients suffering from anxiety who did not respond to normal treatment became anxiety symptom free after attention training with happy face, and the effect subsequently increased.
Pettit, J.W., Bechor, M., Rey, Y., Vasey, M.V., Abend, R., Pine, D.S., Bar-Haim, Y., Jaccard, J. & Silverman, W.K. (2020) ”A Randomized Controlled Trial of Attention Bias Modification Treatment in Youth With Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 59, p. 157-165.
Abstract: https://www.psykiatri-regionh.dk/presse-og-nyt/Forskningsresumeer/Sider/Behandling-af-opm%C3%A6rksomhedsbias-hos-unge-lindrer-angst-.aspx

Any form of brain training can improve attentional control and thereby help people with inhibiting their fear thoughts.
Heeren, A., Mogoase, C., McNally, R.J., Schmitz, A. & Philippot, P. (2014) ”Does attention bias modification improve attentional control? A double-blind randomized experiment with individuals with social anxiety disorder”. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 29, 2015, p. 35-42.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0887618514001686?via%3Dihub

Note 10

Attention training that works against stress.

CBM for threat interpretations has an impact on anxiety symptoms and stress reactivity.
Rozeman, M., Gonzalez, A., Logan, C. & Goger, P. (2020) ”Cognitive bias modification for threat interpretations: Impact on anxiety symptoms and stress reactivity”. Depression and Anxiety 37(5), p. 438-448.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32301579/

Note 11

Attention training that works against PTSD.

BC-ABM and ACT provide considerable reductions in symptoms and constitutes a promising treatment of PTSD.
Lazarov, A., Suarez, Jimenez, B., Abend, R., Naim, R., Shvil, E., Helpman, L., Zhu, X., Tapini, A., Duroski, A., Rom, R., Schneier, F.R., Pine, D.S., Bar-Haim, Y. & Neria, Y. (2019) ”Bias-contingent attention bias modification and attention control training in treatment of PTSD: a randomized control trial”. Psychological Medicine 49(14), p. 2432-2440.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30415648/

Four sessions with ABMT, provided to soldiers prior to being sent into combat, reduced the risk of PTSD after combat exposure.
Wald, I., Ginat, K., Stolin, E., Dagan, D., Bliese, P.D., Quartana, P.J. Sipos, M.L., Pine, D.S. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2016) ”Selective prevention of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder using attention bias modification training: a randomized controlled trial”. Psychological Medicine 46(12), p. 2627-2637.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27377418/

Note 12

Attention training that works against dementia.

Electronic cognitive training builds up a cognitive reserve, which means that citizens suffering from dementia are more likely to overcome everyday tasks.
Smærup, M. (2017) ”Opmærksomhedstræning med teknologi”. Article in Via University College.
Abstract: https://viden.via.dk/evu/opmaerksomheds-traening-med-teknologi

Exercises with FFOV task (functional field of view) on BrainHQ improve the attention function of older adults.
Scalf, P.E., Colcombe, S.J., McCarley, J.S., Erikson, K.I., Alvarado, M., Kim. J.S., Wadhwa, R.P. & Kramer, A.F. (2007) ”The neural correlates of an expanded functional field of view”. The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological science and social science 62, Special no. 1, p. 32-44.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17565163/

Visual attention training inhibits cognitive regression with mild cognitive impairment and has transfer effects to everyday life.
Lin, F., Heffner, K.L., Ren, P., Tivarus, M.E., Brasch, M.S., Chen, DG., Mapstone, M., Persteinsson, A.P. & Tadin, D. (2016) ”Cognitive and Neural Effects of Vision-Based Speed of Processing Training in Older Adults with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study”. Journal of the American geriatrics Society 64(6), p. 1293-1298.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4916855/

Attention training changes autonomic flexibility and gives structural changes which are essential in order to maintain cognition.
Lin, F.V., Tao, Y., Chen, Q., Anthony, M., Zhang, Z., Tadin, D. & Heffner, K.L. (2020) ”Processing speed and attention training modifies autonomic flexibility: A mechanistic intervention study”. NeuroImage 213, article 116730.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32165263/

Attention training improves cognitive function, maintains life quality and functional independence, more than ten-year effects.
Tennstedt, S.L. & Unverzagt, F.W. (2013) ”The Active Study: Study Overview and Major Findings”. Journal of Aging and Health 25(8 0), p. 3-20.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3934012/

Computer-based brain training, especially attention training, surpasses crosswords in several goals for cognitive function.
Wolinsky, F.D., Weg, M.W.V., Howren, M.B., Jones, M.P. & Dotson, M.M. (2013) ”A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Training Using a Visual Speed of Processing Intervention in Middle Aged and Older Adults”. PLoS ONE 8(5). Abstract: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0061624

One hour’s processing training on cognitive performance among elderly provided considerable improvement of their processing speed, more than two-year effect.
Vance, D., Dawson, J., Wadley, V., Edwards, J., Roenker, D., Rizzo, M. & Ball, K. (2007). ”The accelerate study: The longitudinal effect of speed of processing training on cognitive performance of older adults”. Rehabilitation Psychology, 52(1), p. 89-96.
Abstract: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-02366-010

Transfer of speed from processing training has the potential of improving everyday functions that maintain independence and life quality.
Edwards, J.D., Wadley, V.G., Vance, D.E., Wood, K., Roenker, D.L. & Ball, K.K. (2005) ”The impact of speed of processing training on cognitive and everyday performance”. Aging & Mental Health 9(3), p. 262-271.
Abstract: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-06179-009

Adaptive attention training reduces distractibility in elderly people and improves cognition.
Mishra, J., de Villers-Sidani, E., Merzenich, M. & Gazaley, A. (2014) ”Adaptive training diminishes distractibility in aging across species”. Neuron 84(5), p. 1091-1103.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25467987/

Severe depression late in life was improved through attention training and improved cognitive flexibility and memory.
Morimoto, S.S., Altizer, R.A., Gunning, F.M., Hu, W., Liu, J., Cote, S.E., Nitis, J. & Alexopoulos, G.S. (2020) ”Targeting Cognitive Control Deficits With Neuroplasticity-Based Computerized Cognitive Remediation in Patients With Geriatric Major Depression: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial”. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 28(9), p. 971-980.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32591170/

Training of processing speed not only improves the processing speed, but the speed it is also transferred to certain everyday functions.
Edwards, J.D., Wadley, V.G., Vance, D.E., Wood, K., Roenker, D.L. & Ball, K.K. (2005) ”The impact of speed of processing training on cognitive and everyday performance”. Aging and Mental Health 9(3), p. 262-271.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16019280/

Processing speed training has a significant impact on processing speed in everyday functions, five-year effect at a minimum.
Willis, S.L., Tennstedt, S.L., Marsiske, M., Ball, K., Elias, J., Koepke, K.M., Moris, J.N., Rebok, G.W., Unverzagt, F.W., Stoddard, A.M. & Wright, E. (2006) ”Long-term Effects of Cognitive training on Everyday Functional Outcomes in Older Adults”. JAMA 296 (23), p. 2805-2814.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910591/

Processing speed is transferred to similar and varying fast cognitive goals, including the performance of instrumental activities in daily life.
Edwards, J.D., Wadley, V.G., Myers, R.S., Roenker, D.L., Cossell, G.M. & Ball K.K. (2002) ”Transfer of a speed of processing intervention to near and far cognitive functions”. Gerontology 48(5), p. 329-340.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12169801/

A small amount of cognitive training significantly reduced the risk of dementia among elderly people.
Driver, M. (2021) ”$44 Million NIH Grant to See if Dementia Can Be Prevented”. Journal of Mental Health, April 2021.
Article: https://thejournalofmhealth.com/44-million-nih-grant-to-see-if-dementia-can-be-prevented/

Cognitive reserve in persons with indications of acquiring Alzheimer’s but do not.
Merzenich, M. (2022) ”The Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease Probably Won´t Come in a Pill Bottle”. Medscape, September.
Abstract: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/980730?src=&reg=1#vp_2

Cognitive training of memory, reasoning and processing speed gave 48 percent fewer collisions among elderly drivers.
Ball, K., Edwards, J.E., Ross, L.A. & McGwin Jr, G. (2010) ”Cognitive training Decreases Motor Vehicle Collision Involvement Among Older Drivers”. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 58(11), p. 2107-2113.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057872/

Combined physical and cognitive training enhances global cognition but less apparent in elderly adults suffering from more serious neurocognitive disorders.
Bamidis, P.D., Fissler, P., Papageorgiou, S.G., Zilidou, V., Konstantinidis, E.I., Billis, A.S., Romanopoulou, E., Karagianni, M., Beratis, I., Tsapanou, A., Tsilikopoulou, G., Grigoriadou, E., Lades, A., Kyrillidou, A., Tsolaki, A., Frantzidis, C., Sidiropoulos E., Siountas, S., Matsi, S., Papatriantafyllou, J., Margioti, E., Nika, A., Schlee, W., Elbert, T., Tsolaki, M., Vivas, A.B. & Kolassa, I.T. (2015) ”Gains in cognition through combined cognitive and physical training: the role of training dosage and severity of neurocognitive disorder”. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 7, p. 152.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26300772/

Mental activity limits progression disorder through Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), a preliminary stage to Alzheimer’s.
Rosen, A.C., Sugiura, L., Kramer, J.H., Whitfield-Gabrieli, p. & Gabrieli, J.D. (2011) ”Cognitive Training Changes Hippocampal Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study”. Journal of Alzheimer´s Disease 26(3), p. 349-357.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277842/

Exercise, cognitive engagement and healthy eating prolong longevity and reduce risk of Alzheimer’s.
Jianping, J., Zhao, T., Liu, Z., Liang, Y., Li, F., Li, Y., Liu, W., Li, F., Shi, S., Zhou, C., Yang, H., Li, Y., Liao, Z., Li, Y., Zhao, H., Zang, J., Zhang, K., Kan, M., Yang, S., Li, H., Liu, Z., Ma, R., Lv, J., Wang, Y., Yan, X., Liang, F., Yuan, X., Zhang, J., Gauthier, p. & Cummings, J. (2023) ”Associations between healthy lifestyle and memory decline in older adults: 10 year, population based, prospective cohort study”. BMJ 25, January.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/aging-lifestyle-alzheimers-20374/

Targeting of inner alertness in cognitive training improves the executive function among elderly people.
Van Vleet, T.M., DeGutis, J.M., Merzenich, M.M., Simpson, G.V., Zomet, A. & Dabit, p. (2016) ”Targeting Alertness to Improve Cognition in Older Adults: A Preliminary Report of Benefits in Executive Function and Skill Acquistion”. Cortex Journal 82, p. 100-118.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4969201/

Neuroplasticity-based training can ease coherent interaction between remote brain regions and thus enhance cognitive performance in elderly people.
Frantzidis, C.A., Ladas, A.K.I., Vivas, A.B., Tsolaki, M. & Bamidis, P.D. (2014) ”Cognitive and psysical training for the elderly: evaluating outcome efficacy by means of neuropsysiologocal synchronization”. International Journal of Psychophysiology 93(1), p. 1-11.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24472698/

Ten-year effect of cognitive training of every day functions among elderly people.
Rebok, G.W., Ball, K., Guey, L.T., Jones, R.N., Kim, HY., King, J.W., Marsiske, M., Morris, J.N. Tennstedt, S.L., Unverzagt, F.W. & Willis, S.L. (2014) ”Ten-Year Effects of the Active Cognitive Training Trail on Cognition and Everyday Functioning in Older Adults”. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 62(1), p. 16-24.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055506/

Elderly people with the greatest decline in executive functions experience more fall experience, but cognitive and attention training can improve this significantly.
Smith-Ray, R.L., Makowski-Woidan, B. & Hughes, S.L. (2014) ”A Randomized Trial to Measure the Impact of a Community-Based Cognitive Training Intervention on Balance and Gait in Cognitively Intact Black Older Adults”. Health Education & Behavior, Peer-reviewed journal 41(1 0), p. 62-29.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4326003/

Note 13

Attention training that works against several conditions

Attention training improves cognitive abilities, such as memory, reasoning and processing speed.
Wolinsky, F.D., Unverzagt, F.W., Smith, D.M., Jones, R., Wright, E. & Tennstedt, S.L. (2006) ”The effects of the ACTIVE cognitive training trial on clinical relevant declines in health-related quality of life”. The International journal of gerontology. Series B, Psychological Science and Social Sciences 61(5), p. 281-287.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16960242/

Brain structure changes induced by ABM training.
Abend, R., Rosenfelder, A., Shamai, D., Pine, D.S., Tavor, I., Assaf, Y. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2019) “Brain structure changes induced by attention bias modification training”. Biological Psychology 146, article 107736.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31352029/

Mobile ABMT can handle distress across chronic neurological states.
Charvet, L., George, A., Cho, H., Krupp, L.B. & Dennis-Tiwary, T.A. (2021) ”Mobile Attention Bias Modification Training Is a Digital Health Solution for Managing Distress in Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study in Pediatric Onset”. Frontiers in Neurology 12, article 719090.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34393986/

ABM enhances intrinsic network of attentional control.
Hakamata, Y., Mizukami, S., Komi, S., Sato, E., Moriguchi, Y., Motomura, Y., Mauro, K., Izawa, S., Kim, Y., Hanakawa, T., Inoue, Y. & Tagaya, H. (2018) ”Attentional bias modification alters intrinsic functional network of attentional control: A randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Affective Disorders 238, p. 472-481.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29929157/

Both CBM and CBT significantly reduced levels of social anxiety, trait anxiety and depression and improved attention control.
Bowler, J.O., Mackintosh, B., Dunn, B.D., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T. & Hoppitt, L. (2012) ”A comparison of cognitive bias modification for interpretation and computerized cognitive behavior therapy: effects on anxiety, depression, attentional control, and interpretive bias”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 80(6), p. 1021-1033.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22963595/

IMP generated several positive intepretations and fewer negative interpretations after training.
Zhang, F., Huang, C., Mao, X., Hou, T., Sun, L., Zhou, Y. & Deng, G. (2021) ”Efficacy of the Chinese version interpretation bias modification training in an unselected sample: A randomized trial”. PLOS One 16(7), article e0255224.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29127945/

CBM-I for reducing social anxiety generated positive neural changes.
Sakaki, K., Nozawa, T., Ikeda, p. & Kawashima, R. (2020) ”Neural correlates of cognitive bias modification for interpretation”. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15(2), p. 247-260.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32322880/

Digital mental health interventions are effective for reducing depression, anxiety and enhancing psychological well-being among college students.
Wafford, Q.E. & Graham, A.K. (2019) ”Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression, Anxiety, and Enhancement of Psychological Well-Being Among College Students: Systematic Review”. Journal of Medical Internet Research 21(7), article e12869.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31333198/

CBM and iCBT provided significant reductions in primary goals for depression and interpretation bias.
Williams, A.D., O’Moore, K., Blackwell, S.E., Smith, J., Holmes, E.A. & Andrews, G. (2015) ”Positive imagery cognitive bias modification (CBM) and internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT): a randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Affective Disorders 178, p. 131-141.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25805405/

CBM is effective against anxiety in adults and the results emphasise some circumstances where CBM is the most effective.
Jones, E.B. & Sharpe, L. (2017) ”Cognitive bias modification: A review of meta-analyses”. Journal of Affective Disorders 223, p. 175-183.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28759865/

ABM improved attention control and thus reduced drug addiction.
Parvas, M.A., Malaker, P., Zilverstabd, A., Moeller, S.J., Alia-Klein. N. & Goldstein, R.Z. (2021) ”Attention bias modification in drug addiction: Enhancing control of subsequent habits”. PNAS 118 (23), article e2012941118.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34074751/

Attention towards threat is implicated as key mechanisms in anxiety and can be modified through ABM.
Price, R.B., Woody, M.L., Panny, B. & Siegle, G.J. (2019) ”Pinpointing mechanisms of a mechanistic treatment: Dissociable roles for overt and covert attentional processes in acute and long-term outcomes following Attention Bias Modification”. Clinical Psychological Science 7(5), p. 1042-1062.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31984167/

ABM-500 bias-reduction significant in connection with increased pain tolerance.
Bowler, J.O., Bartholomew, K.J., Kellar, I., Makintosh, B., Hoppitt, L. & Bayliss, A.P. (2017) ”Attentional bias modification for acute experimental pain: A randomized controlled trial of retraining early versus later attention on pain severity, threshold and tolerance”. European Journal of Pain 21(1), p. 112-124.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27351896/

The impact of app-supported smartphone interventions for general mental problems was thus confirmed.
Linardon, J., Cuijpers, P., Carlbring, P., Messer, M. & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2019) ”The efficacy of app-supported smartphone interventions for mental health problems: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials”. World Psychiatry 18(3), p. 325-336.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31496095/

Patients with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder improve their attentional ability with computer-based brain training.
Prikken, M., Konings, M.J., Lei, W.U., Begemann, M.J.H. & Sommer, I.E.C. (2019) ”The efficacy of computerized cognitive drill and practice training for patients with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis”. Schizophrenia Research 204, p. 368-374.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920996418304791

People can achieve considerable improvement in memory, also in everyday life, if they perform the right sort of scientifically designed cognitive exercises.
Smith, G.E., Housen, P., Yaffe, K. Ruff, R., Kennison, R.F, Mahncke, H.W. & Zelinski, E.M. (2009) ”A Cognitive training Program Based on Principles of Brain Plasticity: Result from the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training (IMPACT) Study”. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 57(4), p. 594-603.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169294/

Note 14

Mental disorders are network disorders where the interaction between neural units is disturbed. Negative feelings equal a higher risk of acquiring mental disorders.
Kûhnel, A., Czisch, M., Saemann, P.G., Binder, E.B. & Kroemer, N.B. (2021) ”Spatio-temporal dynamics of stress-induced network reconfigurations refelct negative affectivity”. Biological Psychiatry 92(2), p. 158-169.
Abstract: https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(22)00049-X/fulltext

Note 15

Attention training corrects errors in the brain network.
A single dose of ATT provided significant plus alpha in regions that have to do with top-down control of attention and much, much more.
Knowles, M.M. & Wells, A. (2018) ”Single Dose of the Attention Training Technique Increases Resting Alpha and Beta-Oscillations in Frontoparietal Brain Networks: A Randomized Controlled Comparison”. Frontiers Psychology, Sec. Psychology for Clinical Settings 9.
Abstract: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01768/full?fbclid=IwAR13X8W92lJzha17Y2yenZTPVtqHQ8PYfG9bFmZKx0p2LDbO57uOmdcSkvY

Combination of ATT with working memory tasks increases the activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), improves executive control and disturbs amygdala activity in unipolar depression.
Siegle, G.J., Ghinassi, F., & Thase, M.E. (2007) ”Neurobehavioral therapies in the 21st century: Summary of an emerging field and an extended example of cognitive control training for depression”. Cognitive Therapy and Research 31(2), p. 235-262.
Abstract: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-00186-007

Siegle, G.J., Price, R.B., Jones, N.P., Ghinassi, F., Painter, T. & Thase, M.E. (2014) ”You gotta work at it: Pupillary indices of task focus are prognostic for response to a neurocognitive intervention for rumination in depression”. Clinical Psychological Science 2(4), p. 455-471.
Abstract: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-42447-006

Note 16

60 percent of those who acquire depression will acquire depression or some other mental disorder within the next ten years.
Jørgensen, T.S.H., Osler, M., Jørgensen, M.B. & Jørgensen, A. (2023) ”Mapping diagnostic trajectories from the first hospital diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder: a Danish nationwide cohort study using sequence analysis”. The Lancet Psychiatry 10(1), p. 12-20.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/mental-health-disorder-diagnosis-21960/

Note 17

Norretranders, T. (1991) The User Illusion: Cutting Consciouness Down to Size. Penguin Books.

Note 18

Sensory input to the brain is the basis for applying neuro-science in marketing.
Plassmann, H., Ramsøy, Z.T. & Milosavljevic, M. (2011) ”Branding the brain: A critical review and outlook”. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(1), January 2012, p. 18-36.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1057740811001136

Note 19

Thalamus is a sensory control centre in the brain that integrates and forwards sensory input.
Kappel, J.M., Förster, D., Slangewel, K., Shainer, I., Svara, F., Donovan, J.C., Sherman, S., Januszewski, M., Baier, H & Larsch, J. (2022) ”Visual recognition of social signals by a tecto thalamic neural circuit”. Nature 608, p. 146-152.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/social-attraction-network-21048/

Note 20

LeDoux, J.E. (1998) The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinning of Emotional Life. Simon & Schuster.

Note 21

Something unpleasant or threatening is sent to the survival functions in the brain stem.

LeDoux, J.E. (1994) ”Emotion, memory and the brain”. Scientific American 270, p. 32-39.
Abstract: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/emotion-memory-and-the-brain/

Herry, C., Bach, D.R., Esposito, F., Di Salle, F., Perrig, W.J., Scheffler, K., Lüthi, A. & Seifritz, E. (2007) ”Processing of temporal unpredictability in human and animal amygdala”. Journal of Neuroscience 27, p. 5958-5966.
Abstract: https://www.jneurosci.org/content/27/22/5958

LeDoux, J.E. (1998) The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinning of Emotional Life. Simon & Schuster.

LeDoux, J.E. (2003) Synaptic Self: How our brains become who we are. Penquin Books.

Damasio, A.R. (2001) Descartes’ fejltagelse. Følelse, fornuft og den menneskelige hjerne. Hans Reizels Forlag.

Van der Kolk, B.A. (2006) Traumatic stress: The effect of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society. Guilford Press.

Note 22

Lipton, B. (2005 ) The Biology og Belief. Hay House.

Note 23

Fredens, K. (2012) Mennesket i hjernen. Hans Reitzels Forlag

Note 24

Anxiety releases dopamine and motivates us to act on and change things. Medication corresponds to using earplugs so as not to hear the smoke alarm.
Tiwary, D. (2022) Future Tense; Why Anxiety Is Good For You (Even Though It Feels Bad). Harper Wave.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/anxiety-dopamine-21390/

Note 25

Amygdala reacts to stress, anxiety etc. Men have twice as many anti-fear- receptors on amygdala as women, and women are therefore double affected.
DiLeo, A., Antonoudiou, P., Ha, p. & Maguire, J.L. (2022) ”Sex Differences in the Alcohol-Mediated Modulation of BLA Network States”. eNeuro 9(4).
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/amygdala-emotion-20969/

Note 26

Sensory cortex holds memories and information.
You, Y., Novak, L.R., Clancy, K.J. & Li, W. (2022) ”Pattern differentiation and tuning shift in human sensory cortex underlie long-term threat memory”. Current Biology 32(9), p. 2067-2075.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/fear-sensory-cortex-20250/

Note 27

The emotional and social intelligences are associated with the medial part of the prefrontal cortex, and the reflective mind belongs especially to the lateral part.

Schore, A.N. (1994) Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The eurobiology of emotional development. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Schore, A.N. (2000) ”Attachment and the regulation of the right brain”. Attachment and Human Development 2, p. 23-447.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11707891/

Higher cognition and identity are located in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Contains a special type of microglia which only humans have.
Ma, S., Skarica, M., Li, Q., Xu, C., Risgaard, R.D., Tebbenkamp, A.T.N., Mato-Blanco, X., Kovner, R., Krsnik, Z., De Martin, X., Luria, V., Marti-Perez, X., Liang, D., Karger, A., Schmidt, D.K., Gomez-Sanchez, Z., Qi, C., Gobeske, K.t., Pochareddy, S., Debenath, A., Hottman, C.J., Spurrier, J., Teo, L.,Boghdadi, A.G., Homman-Ludiye, J., Ely, J.J., Daadi, E.W., Mi, D., Daadi, M., Marin, O., Hof, P.R., Rasin, MR., Bourne, J., Sherwood, C.C., Santpere, G., Gigenti, M.J., Strirmatter, S.M., Sousa, A.M.M. & Sestan, N. (2022) ”Molecular and cellular evolution of the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex”. Science 377(6614).
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/human-brain-21286/

Cognitive control, attention choice, working memory, decision taking and planning are all controlled by dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Bruno, A., Bludau, S., Mohlberg, H. & Amunts, K. (2022) ”Cytoarchitecture, intersubject variability, and 3D mapping of four new areas of the human anterior prefrontal cortex”. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 16.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/cognitive-processing-brain-mapping-21441/

Note 28

The brain sorts through enormous amounts of external stimuli – most of which never reach the human consciouness.
Kronemer, S.I., Aksen, M., Ding, J.Z., Ryu, J.H., Xin, Q., Ding, Z., Prince, J.S., Kwon, H., Khalaf, A., Forman, S., Jin, D.S., Wang, K., Chen, K., Hu, C., Agarwal, A., Saberski, E., Wafa, S.M.A., Morgan, O.P., Wu, J., Christison-Lagay, K.L., Hasulak, N., Morell, M., Urban, A., Constable, R.T. & Blumenfeld, H. (2022) ”Human visual consciousness involves large scale cortical and subcortical networks independent of task report and eye movement activity”. Nature Communications 13, article 7342.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/eyes-consciousness-22032/

Note 29

Griffith, J. (2016) Freedom – the end of human condition. Wtm Publishing and Communications.

Note 30

Goldberg, E. (2001) The Executive Brain. Frontale Lobes and the Civilzed Mind. Oxford University Press.

Note 31

Hart, S. (2008) Brain, Attachment, Personality. Routledge.

Note 32

Edelman, G.M. & Tononi, G. (2001) A universe of consciousness: How matter becomes imagination. Basic Books.

Note 33

Brain cells in a petri dish can learn to play ping pong in five minutes.
Kagan, B.J., Kitchen, A.C., Tran, N.T., Habibollahi, F., Khajehnejad, M., Parker, B.J., Bhat, A., Rollo, B., Razi, A. & Friston, K.J. (2022) ”In virto neurons learn and exhibit sentience when embodied in a simulated game-world”. Neuron 110(23).
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/organoid-pong-21625/

Note 34

When the brain becomes calmer, it can easily hear what the hippocampus is attempting to say.
Chambers, A.R., Berge, C.N. & Varvaeke, K. (2022) ”Cell-type-specific silence in thalamocortical circuits precedes hippocampal sharp-wave ripples”. Cell Reports 40(4), article 111132.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/daydreaming-memory-hippocampus-21669/

Note 35

Those who lack personal control of their lives prefer a culture that imposes order which further reduces the person’s feeling of individual control.
Ma, A., Savani, K., Liu, F., Tai, K. & Kay, A.C. (2022) ”The Mutual Constitution of Culture and Psyche: The Bidirectional Relationship between Induviduals` Perceived Control and Cultural Tightness-Looseness”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21 August.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/personal-control-society-21762/

Note 36

Orbitofrontal cortex assesses whether it is good or bad.
Wallis, J.D. & Kennerley, S.W. (2011) ”Contrasting reward signals in the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex”. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, Critical Contributions of the Orbitofrontal Cortex to Behavior 1239)(1), p. 33-42.
Abstract: https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06277.x

Note 37

Pavlov, I.P. (2015, reprint of original 1927 edition) Conditioned reflexes An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Martino Fine Books.

Note 38

Seligman, M.E.P. (1992) Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death. W. H. Freeman & Co.

Note 39

Doing What Matters in Times of Stress
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240003927?gclid=Cj0KCQjwwvilBhCFARIsADvYi7K4s7R1nYP1vfhfHR-A1ZxjUUX0Tda6GHES2e_gs7JMiE2m8UHhRlMaAqPREALw_wcB

Note 40

Wellness program at place of work does not reduce stress.
Song, Z. & Baicker, K. (2019) ”Effect of a Workplace Wellness Program on Employee Health and Economic Outcomes: A Randomized Clinical Trial”. Journal of the American Medical Association 321(15), p. 1491-1501.
Abstract: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2730614

Note 41

The brain’s standard state is a bias of negative valence, for instance fear. When neurotensin is released, the neurons associated with positive valence are triggered.
Li, H., Namburi, P., Olson, J.M., Borio, M., Lemieux, M.E., Beyeler, A., Calhoon, G.G., Hitora-Imamure, N., Coley, A.A., Libster, A., Bal, A., Jin, X., Wang, H., Jia, C., Choudhury, S.R., Shi, Z., Felix-Ortiz, A.C., de la Fuente, V., Barth, V.P., King, H.O., Izadmehr, E.O., Revanna, J.S., Batra, K., Fisher, K.B. & Tye, K.M. (2022) ”Neurotensin orchestrates valence assignment in the amygadala”. Nature 608, p. 586-592.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/positive-negative-memory-21077/

Note 42

Anger can be regulated to calm and disgust to pity.
Gross, J.J. (2013) Handbook of Emotion Regulation. The Guilford Press.

Note 43

When emotions are regulated down, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can again reflect and plan.

Siegel, D.J. (1999) The developing mind. Toward a neurobiology of interpersonal experience. The Guilford Press.

Damasio, A.R. (2006) Descartes’ ERROR. Vintage.

Note 44

Emotional regulation takes places after assessment in mPFC and can be trained.
Lee, K.M., Lee, p. & Satpute, A.B. (2022) ”Sinful pleasure and pious woes? Using fMRI to examine evaluative and hedonic emotion knowledge”. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 17(11), p. 986-994.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/emotional-suppression-brain-20642/

Use of virtual reality for anger control.
Jo, H., Jung, Y., Hing, Y., Sjin, Y., Baek, K., Kim, E. & Kim, J. (2022) ”The applicability of Virtual Reality-Based Training for Controlling Anger in Aggressive Individuals”. Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking, published online 10 May: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2021.0193.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/virtual-reality-anger-management-20590/

Note 45

The frontal lobe is involved in controlling impulsivity and attention of lack of the same, two of the leading symptoms of ADHD.
The findings will be presented at the 108th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, in 2023.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/adhd-brain-markers-21931/

Note 46

When anterior cingulate cortex registers undesired theta thoughts, a message is sent to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to inhibit these thoughts.
Crespo-Garcia, M., Wang, Y., Jiamg, M., Anderson, C. & Lei, X. (2002) ”Anterior Cingulate Cortex Signals the Need to Control Intrusive Thoughts during Motivated Forgetting”. Journal of Neuroscience 42(21) p. 4342-4359.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/acc-intrusive-thoughts-20393/

Note 47

Simulated knee operations have the same effect as actual knee operations.
Moseley, J.B., O’Malley, K., Menke, T.J., Petersen, N.J., Brody, B.A., Kuykendall, D.H., Hollingsworth, J.C., Ashton, C.M. & Wray, N.P. (2002) ”A Controlled Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery of Osteoarthritis of the Knee”. New England Journal of Medicine 327(2) p. 81-88.
Abstract: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa013259

Note 48

Placebo effects.

The psychiatrist Walter Brown from the medical faculty at Brown University has suggested that placebo tablets be the first choice in connection with treating patients suffering from mild to moderate depression.
Brown, W.A. (1998) ”The Placebo Effect: Should doctors be prescribing sugar pills?”. Scientific American 278(1), s 90-95.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-placebo-effect/

Professor Irving Kirsch from Connecticut University ascertains that 80 percent of the effect of antidepressants, measured under clinical experiments, could be ascribed to the placebo effect.
Kirsch, I., Moore, T.J., Scoboria, A. & Nicholls, S.S. (2002) ”The Emperor´s New Drugs: An Analysis of the Antidepressant Medication Data Submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration”. Prevention & Treatment 5, article 23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228550299_The_Emperor’s_New_Drugs_An_Analysis_of_Antidepressant_Medication_Data_Submitted_to_the_US_Food_and_Drug_Administration

Placebo cures 30-year long depression and the activity in her prefrontal cortex was strongly increased.
Leuchter, A.F. & Cook, I.A. et al. (2002) ”Changes in Brain Function of Depressed Subjects During Treatment With Placebo”. American Journal of Psychiatry 159(1), p. 122-129.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11772700/

Nearly all or all effects of antidepressants against depression and anxiety can be ascribed to placebo.
Kirsch, I. (2019) ”Placebo Effect in the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety”. Frontiers Psychiatry, sec. Psychological Therapy and Psychosomatics 10.
Abstract: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00407/full

Note 49

Patient acquired blisters through hypnotic suggestion.
Paul, G. (1963) ”The Production of Blisters by Hypnotic Suggestion: Another Look”. Psychosomatic Medicine 25(3), p. 233-244.
Abstract: https://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/1963/05000/The_Production_of_Blisters_by_Hypnotic_Suggestion_.5.aspx

Note 50

Chopra, D. (1993) Ageless Body, Timeless Mind. Harmony Books.

Note 51

Attention training showed increased blood oxygen level in the higher inferior frontal gyrus, the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the superior parietal lobule, compared to a control state.
Rosenbaum, D., Mair, J.M., Hudak, J., Metzger, F.G., Wells, A., Fallgatter, J. & Ehlis, A. (2018) ”Neurophysiological correlates of the attention training technique: A component study”. NeuroImage: Clinical 19, p. 1018-1024.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213158218302043

Note 52

Braden, G. (2020) The Wisdom Codes: Ancient Words to Rewire Our Brains and Heal Our Hearts. Hay House.

Note 53

Descriptions of executive functions.
Diamond, A. (2000) ”Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex”. Child Development 71(1) p. 44-56.
Abstract: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12480835_Close_Interrelation_of_Motor_Development_and_Cognitive_Development_and_of_the_Cerebellum_and_Prefrontal_Cortex

Hart, S. (2008) Brain, Attachment, Personality. Routledge.

Gjærum, B. & Ellertsen, B. (2002) Hjerne og atferd. Utviklingsforstyrrelser hos barn og ungdom i et nevrobiologisk perspektiv. Gyldendal.

Baddeley, A.D. (1987) Working memory. Oxford University Press.

Fredens, K. (2012) Mennesket i hjernen. Hans Reitzels Forlag.

Kahneman, D. (2013) Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Note 54

Damasio, A.R. (2001) Descartes’ fejltagelse. Følelse, fornuft og den menneskelige hjerne. Hans Reitzels Forlag.

Note 55

Synapses are removed and other created when we learn new things and not so much a change of existing synapses as previously believed.
The findings will appear in PNAS 2023.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/synapse-memory-ptsd-19890/

Note 56

Approx. 7 percent of the synapses are replaced on a weekly basis.
New Scientist, 2.2.2011, & Fredens, K. (2012) Mennesket i hjernen. Hans Reitzels Forlag.

Note 57

Hart, S. (2008) Brain, Attachment, Personality. Routledge.

Kahneman, D. (2013) Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Lipton, B. (2005 ) The Biology og Belief. Hay House.

Priyanka, A.A., Gawali, B. & Mehrotra, S.C. (2016) Introduction to EEG- and Speech-Based Emotion Recognition. Academic Press.

Article which provides an easy description of the various brain waves and their associated states of consciousness.
Article: http://thoughtmedicine.com/2011/06/brain-wave-basics-what-you-need-to-know-about-states-of-consciousness/

Note 58

Fisher, H. (2005) Why We Love: The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love. Holt Paperbacks.

Note 59

Our present feelings distort our memory.
Prati, A. & Senik, C. (2022) ”Feeling Good is Better”. Psychological Science 33(11).
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/happiness-feelings-memories-21803/

Note 60

Theta waves spread to the frontal lobe in the event of mental disorders.

Increased theta waves in the frontal lobe in the event of ADHD.
Mann, C.A., Lubar, J.f., Zimmermann, A.W., Miller, C.A. & Muenchen, R.A. (1992) ”Quantitativw analysis of EEG in Boys with attention-deficit- hyperactivity disorder: Controlled study with clinical implications”. Pediatric Neurology 8(1), p. 30-36.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0887899492900495

Mid-frontal theta activity in the event of psychiatric illness.
McLoughlin, G., Gyurkovics, M., Palmer, J. & Makeig, p. (2022) ”Midfrontal Theta Activity in Psychiatric Illness: An Index of Cognitive Vulnerabilities Across Disorders”. Biological Psychiatry 91(2), p. 173-182.
Abstract: https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/brain-monitoring-suggests-common-link-between-electrical-tremors-and-mental-health-disorders

Mice that showed signs of stress, depression or autism developed an increase in theta in medial prefrontal cortex.
Kuga, N., Abe, R., Takono, K., Ikegava, Y. & Sakasi, T. (2022) ”Prefrontal-amygdalar oscillations related to social behavior in mice”. Life, 17 May, 17.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/social-behavior-brain-waves-20901/

Various scientists measure brain wave patterns in psychiatric disorders.
Tarr, P. (2021) ”Using Brainwave Patterns to Predict and Understand Psychiatric Disorders”. Brain & Behavior Research Foundation, May.
Abstract: https://www.bbrfoundation.org/content/using-brainwave-patterns-predict-and-understand-psychiatric-disorders

Low to moderate stress strengthens the working memory whereas a high stress level reduces the activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Oshri, A., Cui, Z., Owens, M.M., Carvalho, C.A. & Sweet, L. (2022) ”Low-to-moderate level of perceived stress strengthens working memory: Testing the hormesis hypothesis through neural activation”. Neurologia 176.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/stress-memory-21928/

Activation of the HPA axis has a negative impact on the ability to think clearly. The forebrain, the centre for logic and superior logical conclusions, works considerably slower than the automated activity which is controlled by the hindbrain. Hormones activate prefrontal cortex, the centre for conscious, willful actions and reduce conscious attention and intelligence. Takamatsu, H. & Noda, A. (2003) ”A PET study following treatment with a pharmalogical stressor, FG7142, in conscious rhesus monkeys”. Brain Research 980, p. 275-280.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12867268/

Arnsten A.F. & Goldman-Takic, P.S. (1998) ”Noise Stress Impairs Prefrontal Cortical Cognitive Function in Monkeys: Evidence for a Hyperdopaminergic Mechanism”. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, p. 362-368.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9554432/

Goldstein, L.E., Rasmusson, A.M., Bunney, B.S. & Roth, R.H. (1996) ”Role of the Amygdala in Coordination of Behaviroal, Neuroendocrine, and Prefrontal Cortical Monoamine Responses to Psychological Stress in the Rat”. Journal of NeuroScience 16(15), p. 4787-4798.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8764665/

Both depression and medical treatment of depression cause extraordinary shrinkage in the cerebral cortex.
Voineskos, A.N., Mulsant, B.H., Dickie, E.W., Neufeld, N.H., Rothschild, A.J., Whyte, E.M., Meyers, B.S., Alexopoulos, G.S., Hoptman, M.J., Lerch, J.P. & Flint, A.J. (2020) ”Effects of Antipsychotic Medication on Brain Structure in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Psychotic Features: Neuroimaging Findings in the Context of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial”. JAMA Psychiatry 77(7), p. 674-683. Abstract: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339521064_Effects_of_Antipsychotic_Medication_on_Brain_Structure_in_Patients_With_Major_Depressive_Disorder_and_Psychotic_Features_Neuroimaging_Findings_in_the_Context_of_a_Randomized_Placebo-Controlled_Clinica

Mental disorders give reduction in the cerebral cortex and reduce cognition.
Goodkind, M., Eickhoff, S.B., Oathes, D.J., Jiang, Y., Chang, A., Jones-Hagata, L.B., Ortega, B.N., Zaiko, Y.V., Riach, E.L., Korgaonkar, M.S., Grieve, S.M., Galatzer-Levy, I., Fox, P.T. & Etkin, A. (2015) ”Identification of a Common Neurobiological Substrate for Mental Illness”. JAMA Psychiatry 72(4), p. 305-315. Abstract: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2108651

Reduced prefrontal function has been observed widely across several mental states.
MacDonald, A.W., Carter, C.S., Kerns, J.G., Ursu, S., Barch, D.M., Holmes, A.J., Stenger, A.W. & Cohen, J.D. (2005) ”Specificity of Prefrontal Dysfunction and Context Processing Deficits to Schizophrenia in Never-Medicated Patients With First-Episode Psychosis”. The American Journal of Psychiatry 162, p. 475-484.
Abstract: https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.475

Blumberg, H.P., Kaufman, J., Martin, A., Charney, D.S., Krystal, J.H. & Peterson, B.S. (2004) ”Significance of Adolescent Neurodevelopment for the Neural Circuitry of Bipolar Disorder”. Annals of the New York Acadamy of Science, Adolescent Brain Development 1021, p. 376-383. Abstract: https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1196/annals.1308.048

Meyer, S.E., Carlson, G.A., Wiggs, E.A., Martinez, P.E., Ronsaville, D.S., Klimes-Dougan, B., Gold, P.W. & Radke-Yarrow,, M. (2004) ”A prospective study of the association among impaired executive functioning, childhood attentios problems, and the development of bipolar disorder”. Development and Psykopathology 16(2), p. 461-476.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15487606/

Note 61

Both depression and medical treatment of depression cause extraordinary shrinkage in the cerebral cortex.

Voineskos, A.N., Mulsant, B.H., Dickie, E.W., Neufeld, N.H., Rothschild, A.J., Whyte, E.M., Meyers, B.S., Alexopoulos, G.S., Hoptman, M.J., Lerch, J.P. & Flint, A.J. (2020) ”Effects of Antipsychotic Medication on Brain Structure in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Psychotic Features: Neuroimaging Findings in the Context of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial”. JAMA Psychiatry 77(7), p. 674-683. Abstract: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339521064_Effects_of_Antipsychotic_Medication_on_Brain_Structure_in_Patients_With_Major_Depressive_Disorder_and_Psychotic_Features_Neuroimaging_Findings_in_the_Context_of_a_Randomized_Placebo-Controlled_Clinica

Mental disorders give reduction in the cerebral cortex and reduce cognition.
Goodkind, M., Eickhoff, S.B., Oathes, D.J., Jiang, Y., Chang, A., Jones-Hagata, L.B. Ortega, B.N., Zaiko, Y.V., Riach, E.L., Korgaonkar, M.S., Grieve, S.M. Galatzer-Levy, I., Fox, P.T. & Etkin, A. (2015) ”Identification of a Common Neurobiological Substrate for Mental Illness”. JAMA Psychiatry 72(4), p. 305-315. Abstract: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2108651

Note 62

The adrenal gland’s stress hormones make the blood vessels in the forebrain retract and reduce their ability to function which caused reduced conscious attention and reduced intelligence.

Arnsten, A.F. & Goldman-Takic, P.S. (1998) ”Noise Stress Impairs Prefrontal Cortical Cognitive Function in Monkeys: Evidence for a Hyperdopaminergic Mechanism”. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, p. 362-368.

Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9554432/

Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8764665/

Note 63

In most cases, the consciousness backs up what the autopilot sends, partly because this is the easiest and partly because the consciousness is ”paralysed” by negative thought patterns called CAS.

Kahneman, D. (2013) Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Wells, A. & Matthews, G. (1995) Attention and emotions: A Clinical Perspective. Taylor & Francis Ltd.

Wells, A. & Matthews, G. (1996) ”Modelling cognition in emotional disorder: The S-REF model”. Behavior Research and Therapy 34(11-12), p. 881-888.

Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0005796796000502

Nolen-Hoeksema, p. (1991) ”Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100(4), p. 569-582. Abstract: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-12870-001

Capobianco, L., Morris, J.A. & Wells, A. (2018) ”Worry and rumination: do they prolong physiological and affective recovery from stress?”. Anxiety, Stress and Coping 31(3), p. 1-13.

Abstract: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323145423_Worry_and_rumination_do_they_prolong_physiological_and_affective_recovery_from_stress

Note 64

Already existing anxiety, depression, chronic stress and anxiety provide a 50 percent increased chance of developing Long-COVID after a corona virus infection.
Tye, p. (2022) ”Being Stressed Out Before You Get COVID Increases Your Chances of Long COVID”. The Conversation, 23 October.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/long-covid-stress-21703/

Note 65

Thoughts we think about the thoughts we think maintain us in a negative state and here meta-cognitive therapy can help.
Pedersen, H., Grønnæss, I., Bendixen, M., Hahen, R. & Kennair, L.E.O. (2022) ”Metacognitions and brooding predict depressive symptoms in a community adolescent sample”. BMC Psychiatry 22, article 157.
Abstract: https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-022-03779-5

Note 66

Emotional regulation takes place after assessment in mPFC and can be trained, unless mPFC is too affected.
Lee, K.M., Lee, S.J. & Satpute, A.B. (2022) ”Sinful pleasures and pious woes? Using fMRI to examine evaluative and hedonic emotion knowledge”. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 17(11), p. 986-994.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/emotional-suppression-brain-20642/

Note 67

Default Mode Network-activity increases during inward-going thinking and drops during outward-going tasks that require focused attention.
Dobryakova, E. & Smith, D.V. (2022) ”Reward enhances connectivity between the ventral striatum and the default mode network”. Neuroimage 258, September, article 119398.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811922005158?via%3Dihub

Note 68

The pupils are sensitive indicators of mental effort. When the pupils dilate by 50 percent, the maximal performance has been reached.
Tursky, B., Shapiro, D., Crider, A. & Kahneman, D. (1969) ”Pupillary, Heart Rate, and Skin Resistance Changes During a Mental Task”. Journal of Experimental Psychology 79, p. 164-167.
Abstract: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/17399739_Pupillary_Heart_Rate_and_Skin_Resistance_Changes_During_a_Mental_Task

Note 69

Facts that contradict our own perception are considered a theat.
Bellizzi, K.M. (2022) ”Cognitive Bias and Brain Biology Help Explain Why Facts Don’t Change Minds”. The Conversation, 13 August.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/facts-worldview-21233/

Note 70

Stress hormone reduces altruistic behaviour in empathic people.
Schulreich, S., Tusche, A., Kanske, P. & Schwabe, L. (2022) ”Altruism under Stress: Cortisol Negatively Predicts Charitable Giving and Neural Value Representations Depending on Mentalizing Capacity”. Journal of Neuroscience 42(16), p. 3445-3460.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/cortisol-altrusim-empathy-20262/

Stress can make you increasingly egoistic.
Tusche, A. (2022) ”Stress can make you more selfish if you´re good at understanding others’ points of view”. The Conversation, 11 May.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/stress-altruism-20621/

Note 71

When a person feels stressed, he or she is more prone to noticing and reflecting about a partner’s negative behaviour than the partner’s positive behaviour.
Neff, L.A. & Buch, A.A. (2022) ”When Rose-Colored Glasses Turn Cloudy: Stressful Life Circumstances and Perceptions of Partner Behavior in Newlywed Marriage”. Social Psychology and Science, 26 September 26.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/stress-partner-behavior-21517/

Note 72

Kaufmann, G. & Kaufmann, A. (2001) Psykologi og organisation i ledelse. Lindhart og Ringhof.

Note 73

Lack of sleep impairs our basic social conscious which makes us withdraw our wish and will to help other people.
Guo, R., Wang, Y., Yan, R., Chen, B. Ding, W., Gorczyca, M.T., Ozsoy, S., Cai, L., Hines, R.L., Tseng, G.C., Allocca, G., Dong, Y., Fang, J. & Huang, Y.H. (2022) ”Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Engages Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Neurons to Reduce Cocaine Seeking”. Biological Psychiatry 92(11), p. 880-894.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/rem-sleep-drug-relapse-21126/

Note 74

Different scientists measure brain wave patterns using mental disorders.
Tarr, P. (2021) ”Using Brainwave Patterns to Predict and Understand Psychiatric Disorders”. Brain & Behavior Research Foundation, May.
Abstract: https://www.bbrfoundation.org/content/using-brainwave-patterns-predict-and-understand-psychiatric-disorders

Note 75

During a Aha! moment, millions of nerve cells that are located at a distance of each other will suddenly change rhythm and then swing synchronously at 40Mhz – gamma waves.
Rodriquez, E., George, N., Lachaux, J.P., Martinerie, J., Renault, B. & Varela, F.J. (1999) ”Perceptions shadow: Longdistance Synchronization of human brain activity”. Nature 397, p. 430-433.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9989408/

Note 76

Stress is a Uha! moment which is remembered better than a neutral one.
Bierbrauer, A., Fellner, M.C., Heinen, R., Wolf, O.T. & Axmacher, N. (2021) ”The memory trace of a stressful episode”. Current Biology 31(23), p. 5204-5213.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/stress-memory-19481/

Note 77

Information about new experiences is soon acquired by linking them to patterns already existing in amygdala and prefrontal cortex.
Miyawaki, H. & Mizuseki, K. (2022) ”De novo inter-regional coactivations of preconfigured local ensembles support memory”. Nature Communications 13, article 1272.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/memory-global-network-20402/

Note 78

Having many negative thoughts promotes these circuits and you become an expert in negativity.
Schwartz, J.M. & Begley, p. (2003) The Mind and the Brain – neuroplasticity and the power of mental force. Harper Perennial.

Note 79

Play promotes a flexible mindset and enhances our ability to adapt to new challenges.
Evans, J.J., Wilson, B.A., Schuri, U., Andrade, J., Baddeley, A., Bruna, O., Canavan, T., Della-Sala, S., Green, R.E.A., Laaksonen, R., Lorenzi, L. & Taussik, I. (2000) ”A comparison of ‘errorless’ and ‘trial and error’ learning methods for teaching individuals with acquired memory deficits”. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 10(1), p. 67-101.
Abstract: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263196954_A_Comparison_of_”Errorless”_and_”Trial-and-error”_Learning_Methods_for_Teaching_Individuals_with_Acquired_Memory_Deficits

Note 80

New habits are diakron learning but require synchronic will-power.
Irving, Z.C., Bridges, J., Glasser, A., Bermudez, J.P. & Sripada, C. (2022) ”Will-powered: Synchronic regulations is the difference marker for self-control”. Cognition 225, August, article 105154.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/willpower-self-control-21212/

People with a high level of self-control have a calmer mind which generates fewer distractions from stimuli.
Kleinert, T., Nash, K., Leota, J., Koenig, T, Heinrichs, M. & Schiller, B. (2022) ”A Selv-Controlled Mind is Reflected by Stable Mental Procesing”. SAGE Journals 33(12).
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/self-control-calmness-21241/

Set small specific and realistic goals.
Sherzai, A. & Sherzai, D. (2021) The Alzheimer Solution: A revolutionary guide to how you can prevent and reserve memory loss. Simon & Schuster Ltd.

Note 81

Your favourite songs reflect your attachment pattern.
Alaei, R., Rule, N.O. & MacDonald, G. (2022) ”Individuals’ favorite songs’ lyrics reflect their attachment style”. Personal Relationships 29(4), p. 778-794.
https://neurosciencenews.com/music-attachment-style-21819/

When listening to a song, our brain predicts what is going to happen afterwards. If right, we like the song.
Marion, G. (2022) ”Why certain types of music make our brains sing, and others don’t”. The Conversation, 24 November.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/music-preference-prediction-21946/

Note 82

Default Mode Network-activity increases during inward-going thinking and drops during outward-going tasks that require focused attention.
Dobryakova, E. & Smith, D.V. (2022) ”Reward enhances connectivity between the ventral striatum and the default mode network”. NeuroImage 258, September, article 119398.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811922005158?via%3Dihub

Note 83

Physical skills called motoric memories are coded differently in our brains than our memories for names or facts.
Hwang, F., Roth, R.H., Wu, Y., Sun, Y., Kwon, D.K., Liu, Y. & Ding, J.B. (2022) ”Motor learning selectively strengthens cortical and striatal synapses of motor engram neurons”. Neuron 110(17), p. 2790-2801.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/motor-memory-formation-21062/

Note 84

Brain damage in The Default Mode Network reduces depression. Brain damage in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex increases depression.
Trapp, N.T., Bruss, J.E., Manzel, K., Grafman, J., Tranel, D. & Boes, A.D. (2022) ”Large-scale lesion symptom mapping of depression identifies brain region for risk and resilience”. Brain, 61, October.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/depression-risk-brain-21640/

Note 85

Elderly people showed more activity in Default Mode Network. DMN is active when we ruminate, day-dream or let the mind wander.
Grennan, G., Balasubramani, P.P., Vahidi, N., Ramanathan, D., Jeste, D.V. & Mishra, J. (2022) ”Dissociable neural mechanisms of cognition and well-being in youth versus healthy aging”. Psychology and Aging 37(7), p. 827-842.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/cognition-well-being-age-21431/

Note 86

After the flood where Pavlov’s dogs nearly drowned, the dogs that showed shock reaction patterns no longer remembered the conditioned behavioural patterns.
Austin, J.H. (1999) Zen and the brain. The MIT Press.

Note 87

Psilocybin increases the brain connection in people suffering from depression.
Daws,. R.E., Timmermann, C., Giribaldi, B., Sexton, J.D., Wall, M.B., Erritzoe, D., Roseman, L., Nutt, D. & Carhart-Harris, R. (2022) ”Increased global integration in the brain after psilocybin therapy for depression”. Nature Medicine 28, p. 844-851.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/psilocybin-brain-connectivity-depression-20358/

One single dose of psilocybin increases the number of neuronal connections with 10 percent.
Kwan, A.C., Olson, D.E., Preller, K.H. & Roth, B.L. (2022) ”The neural basis of psychedelic action”. Nature Neuroscience 25, p. 1407-1419.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/psychedelics-brain-pathways-21712/

Psilocybin works much better and faster than escitalopram because it paralyses the Default Mode Network which is active when we ruminate.
Tweedy, C. (2022) ”Psychedelics: how they act on the brain to relieve depression”. The Conversation, 19 May.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/psychedelics-depression-20623/

Magic mushrooms provide persons with depression with an increased and lasting increase in connections between neurons.
Hathaway, B. (2021) ”A single dose of psilocybin, the active compound in ‘magic mushrooms’, given to mice promted a long-lasting increase in the connection between neurons”. Yale News, 5 July.
Abstract: https://news.yale.edu/2021/07/05/psychedelic-spurs-growth-neural-connections-lost-depression?fbclid=IwAR3YHUBhqsMvwbGJ2qjzZxKV1aeeBzHU1vZEZRZ4adMewQmES8nMnxvLItU

Note 88

Ketamine switched on silent cells and turned off previously active neurons, making it effective against depression.
Cichon, J., Wasilczuk, A.Z., Looger, L.L., Contreas, D., Kelz, M.B. & Proekt, A. (2023) ”Ketamine triggers a switch in exitatory neuronal activity across neocortex”. Nature Neuroscience 26, p. 39-52.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/ketamine-neuron-activity-21991/

Note 89

An increase in brain connections is beneficial in tackling symptoms of depression.
Repple, J., Grumbach, P., Gruber, M., Mauritz, M., Dannlowski, U. & Redlich, R. (2022) ”Effective in-patient treatment is associated with an increase in structural brain connectivity in severely depressed patients”. The findings were presented at the 35th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology annual conference in Vienna.
https://neurosciencenews.com/brain-connectivity-depression-21668/

Note 90

Attentional Bias Modification as a cognitive jab against depression.
Browning, M., Holmes E.A., Charles, M., Cowen, P.J. & Hamar, C.J. (2012) ”Using Attentional Bias Modification as a Cognitive Vaccine Against Depression”. Biological Psychiatry 72(7), p. 572-579.
Abstract: https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0006-3223%2812%2900365-4

Note 91

Attentional Bias Training works best in the event of light symptoms because it is a matter of prevention.
Baert, S., De Raedt, R., Schacht, R. & Koster, E.H.W. (2010) ”Attentional bias training in depression: therapeutic effect depend on depression severity”. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 41(3), p. 265-274.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20227062/

Note 92

60 percent of those who acquire depression will acquire depression or some other mental disorder within the next ten years.
Jørgensen, T.S.H., Osler, M., Jørgensen, M.B. & Jørgensen, A. (2022) ”Mapping diagnostic trajectories from the first hospital diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder: a Danish nationwide cohort study using sequence analysis”. The Lancet Psychiatry 10(1)-2023, p. 12-20
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/mental-health-disorder-diagnosis-21960/

Note 93

Half of the patients suffering from anxiety who did not respond to normal treatment became free of anxiety after attention training with happy face, and the effect subsequently increased.
Pettit, J.W., Bechor, M., Rey, Y., Vasey, M.V., Abend, R., Pine, D.S., Bar-Haim, Y., Jaccard, J. & Silverman, W.K. (2020) ”A Randomized Controlled Trial of Attention Bias Modification Treatment in Youth With Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 59, p. 157-165.
Abstract: https://www.psykiatri-regionh.dk/presse-og-nyt/Forskningsresumeer/Sider/Behandling-af-opm%C3%A6rksomhedsbias-hos-unge-lindrer-angst-.aspx

Note 94

Depressive persons when the depression has passed still have problems with attention and cognition. Games such as ”Which way is the arrow pointing?” help.
Keefe, R.S.E. & Etkin, A. (2022) ”Video Game-Based Intervention Helped Reduce Cognitive Deficits in Depressed Patients”. Brain & Behavior, 17 November.
Abstract: https://www.bbrfoundation.org/content/video-game-based-intervention-helped-reduce-cognitive-deficits-depressed-patients

Note 95

Outburst of gamma frequency rhythms in the prefrontal cortex coordinates neural representation of the information kept in thoughts, which means attention gives gamma waves.
Lundqvist, M., Rose, J., Brincat, S.L., Warden, M.R., Buschman, T.J., Herman, P. & Miller, E.K. (2022) ”Reduced variability of bursting activity during working memory”. Scientific Reports 12, article 15050.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/pfc-varability-focus-21363/

Note 96

Tibetan monks during open eye meditation show a major increase in the very fast gamma waves in prefrontal cortex.
Hoffmann, E. (2010) ”Mennesket er ved at udvikle en ny hjerne”. Information, 29 May.
Abstract: https://www.information.dk/moti/2010/05/mennesket-ved-udvikle-ny-hjerne?page=1&rel=

Hoffmann, E. (2012) New Brain, New World. Hay House.

Attention can be rehabilitated when it has crumbled.
Fredens, K. (2012) Mennesket i hjernen. Hans Reitzels Forlag.

High frequency (HF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) strengthens attention.
Vanderhasselt, M.A., De Raedt, R., Baeken, C., Leyman, L. & D’Haenen, H. (2006) ”The influence of rTMS over right dorsplateral prefrontal cortex on intentional set switching”. Experimental Brain Research 172(4), p. 561-565.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16724174/

Note 97

After two hours of cognitive control training, you learn to disregard all disturbances and ignore distraction. This provides an enhanced key circuit for the memory and improves our ability to learn.
Chung, A., Jou, C., Grau-Perales, A., Levy, E.R.J., Dvorak, D., Hussain, N. & Fenton, A.A. (2021) ”Cognitive control persistently enhances hippocampal information processing”. Nature 600, p. 484-488.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/cognitive-control-learning-19626/

Note 98

Constant notifications or the mere presence of a mobile phone affect cognition, reduce concentration, increase distraction and divert attention.
Horwood, p. (2022) ”Ping, your pizza is on its way. Ping, please rate the driver. Yes, constant notifications really do tax your brain”. The Conversation, 8 December.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/smartphone-notifications-cognition-22048/

Note 99

Alzheimer’s is not hereditary for 97 percent.
”Arvelighed og Alzheimers sygdom”. Article from Nationalt Videnscenter for Demens.
Article: https://videnscenterfordemens.dk/da/arvelighed-og-alzheimers-sygdom

Note 100

Even though the number of people suffering from dementia increases, the number of people who are not suffering from dementia increases even more. The percentage with dementia decreases, which means that it is possible to do something yourself.
Lenze, E.J., Voegtle, M., Miller, J.P., Ances, B.M., Balota, D.A., Barch, D., Depp, C.A., Dinez, B.S., Eyler, L.T., Foster, E.R., Gettinger, T.R., Head, D., Hershey, T., Klein, S., Nivhols, J.F., Nicol, G.e., Nishino, T., Patterson, B.W., Rodebaugh, T.L., Schweiger, J., Shimony, J.S., Sinacore, D.R., Snyder, A.Z., Tate, S., Twamley, E.W., Wing, D., Wu, G.F., Yang, L., Yingling, M.D. & Wetherell, J.L. (2022) ”Effect of Mindfulnes Training and Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trail”. JAMA 328 (22), p. 2218-2229.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/exercise-mindfulness-aging-cognition-22073/

Note 101

Lancet report on the 12 best investigated risk factors for developing dementia in the US. However, this only gives an indication for a minority of the cases, which means that the prime cause is to be found in not-investigated causes.
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cihen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., Costafreda, S.G., Dias, A., Fox, N., Gitlin, L.N., Howard, R., Kales, H.C., Kivimäki, M., Larson, E.B., Ogunniyi, A., Ortega, V., Ritchie, K., Rockwood, K., Sampson, E., Samus, Q., Schneider, L.S., Selbæk, G., Teri, L. & Mukadam, N. (2020) ”Dementia preventions, intervention and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commision”. The Lancet 396(10248), p. 413-446.
https://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140-6736(20)30367-6/fulltext

60 percent of dementia cases can be ascribed to age and gender. Nobody knows why.
Jørgensen, K. (2020) ”Risiko for demens kan påvirkes”. Nationalt Videnscenter for Demens, 28 August.
Article: https://videnscenterfordemens.dk/da/nyhed/risiko-demens-kan-paavirkes

An index for potential preventative factors for dementia where low cognitive activity is also included.
Jørgensen, K. (2021) ”Et indeks for forebyggelsespotentiale mod demens”. Nationalt Videncenter for Demens, 22 July.
Article: https://videnscenterfordemens.dk/da/nyhed/et-indeks-forebyggelsespotentiale-mod-demens

Note 102

Hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, the centre for higher thinking, have in chronically depressed patients shrunk physically in size.

Holden, C. (2003) ”Future Brightening for Depression Treatments”. Science 302(5646), p. 810-813.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14593164/

Caspi, A. & Moffitt, T.E. (2022) ”In Large Study, Those Diagnosed with a Psychiatric Disorder Were More Likely to Develop Dementia”. Brain & Behavior, 1 September.
Abstract: https://www.bbrfoundation.org/content/large-study-those-diagnosed-psychiatric-disorder-were-more-likely-develop-dementia

Mental disorders reduce the grey matter and cause reduced cognitive functions.
Goodkind, M., Eickhoff, S.B., Oathes, D.J., Jiang, Y., Chang, A., Jones-Hagata, L.B. Ortega, B.N., Zaiko, Y.V., Riach, E.L., Korgaonkar, M.S., Grieve, S.M. Galatzer-Levy, I., Fox, P.T. & Etkin, A. (2015) ”Identification of a Common Neurobiological Substrate for Mental Illness”. JAMA Psychiatry 72(4), p. 305-315.
Abstract: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2108651

Note 103

Depression increases the risk of acquiring dementia with 51 percent.
Yang, L., Deng, Y., Leng, Y., Ou, Y., Li, Y., Chen, S., He, X., Wu, B., Huang, Y., Kuo, K., Feng, W., Dong, Q., Feng, J., Suckling, J., Smith, D., Cheng, W. & Yu, J. (2022) “Depression, Depression Trearments, and Risk of Incident Dementia: A Prospektive Cohort Study of 354.313 Participants”. Biological Psychiatry, 3 September.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/depression-dementia-21660/

In a vast survey were those diagnosed with a mental disorder more prone to developing dementia, since long-lasting stress can cause cell death in hippocampus.
McEwen, B.S., Nasca, C. & Gray, J.D. (2016) “Stress Effects on Neuronal Structure: Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Prefrontal Cortex”. Neuropsychopharmacology, vol 41, p. 3-23.
Abstract: https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2015171

Both depression and medical treatment of depression cause extraordinary shrinkage in the cerebral cortex.
Voineskos, A.N. Mulsant, B.H., Dickie, E.W., Neufeld, N.H., Rothschild, A.J., Whyte, E.M., Meyers, B.S., Alexopoulos, G.S., Hoptman, M.J., Lerch, J.P. & Flint, A.J. (2020) “Effects of Antipsychotic Medication on Brain Structure in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Psychotic Features: Neuroimaging Findings in the Context of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial”. JAMA Psychiatry. 77 (7), s.674-683.
Abstract:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339521064_Effects_of_Antipsychotic_Medication_on_Brain_Structure_in_Patients_With_Major_Depressive_Disorder_and_Psychotic_Features_Neuroimaging_Findings_in_the_Context_of_a_Randomized_Placebo-Controlled_Clinica

Antidepressants are associated with dementia.
Richardson, K., Fox, C., Maidment, I., Steel, N., Loke, Y.K., Arthur, A., Myint, P.K., Grossi, C.M., Mattishent, K., Bennett, K., Campekk, N.L., Boustani, M., Robinson, L., Brayne, C., Matthews, F.E. & Savva, G.M. (2019) ”Anticholinergic drugs and risk of dementia: case-control study – October 31, 2019”. BMJ 2019, Article 367.
Abstract: https://www.bmj.com/content/367/bmj.l6213

The anxiety medication, benzodiazepine, affects the microglia cells that modulate neuron transfers and create cognitive regression and dementia.
Shi, Y., Cui, M., Ochs, K., Brendel, M., Strübing, F.L., Briel N., Eckenweber, F., Zou, C., Liu, G., Middleton, R.J., Rupprecht, R., Rudolph, U., Zeilhofer, H.U., Rammes, G., Herms, J. & Dorostkar, M.M. (2022) “Long-term diazepam treatment enchances microglial spine engulfment and impairs cognitive performance via the mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO). Nature Neuroscience, vol. 25, p. 317-329.
Abstract: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-022-01013-9

Based on a survey conducted on 600,000 Danes, depression doubles the risk of acquiring dementia.
Larsen, E.N., Sloth, M.M., Osler, M., Wium-Andersen, I.K. &Jørgensen, T.S.H. (2022) “Depression in adulthood and risk of dementia later in life: A Danish register-based cohort study of 595.828 men”. Journal of Affective Disorders 302, p. 25-32.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35066008/

Note 104

Time passes faster for elderly people due to periods in which fewer memories are made.
Ogden, R. (2022) “Why we feel like Christmas comes around more quickly each year”. The Conversation, 22. November.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/christmas-aging-time-perception-21947/

Note 105

Adults suffer from acquired inattention. Selective selection can be learned through children’s dissociated attention towards everything.
Blanco, N.J., Turner, B,M. & Sloutsky, V.M. . (2022) “The benefits of immature cognitive control: How distributed attention guards against learning traps”. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, vol. 226-2023, Article 105548.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022096522001771?via%3Dihub

Note 106

Elderly people showed more activity in Default Mode Network. DMN is active when we ruminate, day-dream or let the mind wander.
Grennan, G., Balasubramani, P. P., Vahidi, N., Ramanathan, D., Jeste, D. V., & Mishra, J. (2022). “Dissociable neural mechanisms of cognition and well-being in youth versus healthy aging”. Psychology and Aging, 37 (7), p. 827–842.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/cognition-well-being-age-21431/

Note 107

Brain fingerprint or bias over eye movements by visual perception and attention can be changed and disappear with Alzheimer’s.
Van De Ville, D., Farouj, Y., Preti, M.G., Liegeois, R. & Amico, E. (2021) “When makes you unique: Temporality of the human brain fingerprint”. Science Advances, vol. 7, Issue 42.
Abstract: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj0751

Note 108

Large drop in dementia among the elderly: A true effort really matters.
Rasmussen, B.C. (2022) “Stort fald i demens blandt ældre: Det batter, når der bliver gjort en indsats.”. Kristelig Dagblad, 28 January.
Article: https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/danmark/stort-fald-i-demens-blandt-aeldre-det-batter-naar-der-bliver-gjort-en-indsats

Elderly people who do intellectually stimulating activities, such as reading, writing, or handywork, have 23 percent less risk of acquiring dementia.
Su, S., Shi, L., Zheng, Y., Sun, Y., Huang, X., Zhang, A., Que, J., Sun, X., Shi, J., Bao. Y. & Lu, L. (2022) “Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis”. Neurology, October 11, 99 (15).
Abstract: https://n.neurology.org/content/99/15/e1651

Playing video games more than average enhances the IQ more than average whereas watching TV or being on social media has no impact.
Sauce, B., Liebherr, M., Judd, N. & Klingberg, T. (2022) “The impact of digital media on children’s intelligence while controlling for genetic differences in cognition and socioeconomic background”. Scientific Reports, 11 May.
Abstract: https://n.neurology.org/content/99/15/e1651

Mnemonic strategy training increased activity in several brain areas and reduced cognitive regression.
Hampstead, B.M., Stringer, A.Y., Iordan, A.D., Snyder, R.P. & Sathian, K. (2022) ”Toward rationel use of cognitive training in those with mild cognitive impairment”. Alzheimers & Dementia, 6 July.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/memory-cognitive-training-21095/

For each additional mental activity thinking abilities are maintained and dementia is delayed with 13 years. Physical activity only helps women against dementia.
Pa, J., Aslanyan, V., Casaletto, K.B., Renteria, M.A., Harrati, A., Tom, S.E., Armstrong, N., Rajan, K., Avila-Rieger, J., Gu, Y., Schupf, N., Manly, J., Brickman, A. & Zahodne, L. (2022) ”Effects of Sex, APOE4, and Lifestyle Activities on Cognitive Reserve in Older Adults”. Neurology 99(8), 23 August.
Abstract: https://n.neurology.org/content/99/8/e789

Video games can improve the cognitive abilities.
Chaarani, B., Ortigara, J., Yuan, D., Lose, H., Potter, A. & Garavan, H.P. (2022) ”Association of Video Gaming With Cognitive Performance Among Children”. JAMA Open Network 5(10), article e2235721.
Abstrakc: https://neurosciencenews.com/gaming-cognition-children-21715/

Electronic cognitive training builds up a cognitive reserve, so the citizens suffering from dementia are more likely to be able to overcome everyday tasks.
Smærup, M. (2017) ”Opmærksomhedstræning med teknologi”. Article in Via University College.
Abstract: https://viden.via.dk/evu/opmaerksomheds-traening-med-teknologi

A small amount of cognitive training significantly reduced the risk of developing dementia among elderly people.
Driver, M. (2021) ”$44 Million NIH Grant to See if Dementia Can Be Prevented”. Journal of Mental Health, April.
Article: https://thejournalofmhealth.com/44-million-nih-grant-to-see-if-dementia-can-be-prevented/

Mental activity limits progression disorder through Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), a preliminary stage to Alzheimer’s.
Rosen, A.C., Sugiura, L., Kramer, J.H., Whitfield-Gabrieli, p. & Gabrieli, J.D. (2011) “Cognitive Training Changes Hippocampal Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study”. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 26(3), p. 349-357.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277842/

Note 109

Overview of more than 100 published surveys that have shown improvement in cognition (attention, processing speed, memory and other executive functions) by using Brain HQ training programmes.
https://www.brainhq.com/world-class-science/the-proven-benefits-of-brainhq/

Note 110

Complex sensory motoric activity, learning a new language or playing a musical instrument can regenerate white matter in the brain and prevent dementia.
Andrews, E., Eierud, C., Banks, D., Harschbarger, T., Michael, A. & Rammell, C. (2021) ”Effects of Lifwlong Musicianship on White Matter Integrity and Cognitive Brain Reserve”. Brain Sciences 11(1), p. 67.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/music-words-aging-brain-19844/

Mastering several languages provides a cognitive reserve in the form of several complex neural networks that prevent cognitive regression such as dementia.
Gallo, F., Kubiak, J. & Myachykov, A. (2022) ”Add Bilingualism to the Mix: L2 Profiency Modulates the Effect of Cognitive Reserve Proxies on Executive Performance in Healthy Aging”. Frontiers in Psychology, Section Cognition 13.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/bilingual-brain-aging-20359/

Varying training tasks targeted at different cognitive functions transfer significant enhancements to untrained areas of the brain.
Hardy, J.L., Nelson, R.A., Thomason, M.E., Sternberg, D.A., Katovich, K., Farzin, F. & Scanlon, M. (2015) ”Enhancing Cognitive Abilities with Comprehensive Training: A Large, Online, Randomized, Active-Controlled Trial”. Plos, 2 September.
Abstract: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134467

Cognitive training of memory, reasoning and processing speed gave 48 percent fewer collisions among elderly drivers.
Ball, K., Edwards, J.E., Ross, L.A. & McGwin, G. (2010) ”Cognitive Training Decreases Motor Vehivle Collision Involvement Among Older Drivers”. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58(11), p. 2107-2113.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057872/

Note 111

A significant improvement of IQ was registered in the test persons who trained processing speed.
Knudsen, A.E. (2012) Hvor svært kan det være? Gyldendal.

Training of processing speed and spatial attention improved the driving skills of elderly people.
Roenker, D.L., Ciccell, G.M., Ball, K.K., Wadley, V.G. & Edwards, J.D. (2003) ”Speed-of-processing and driving simulator training result in improved driving performance”. Human factors and ergonomics 45(2), p. 218-233.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14529195/

Processing speed training is transmitted to similar and different fast cognitive goals, including performing instrumental daily activities.
Edwards, J.D., Wadley, V.G., Myers, R.S., Roenker, D.L., Cossell, G.M. & Ball K.K. (2002) ”Transfer of a speed of processing intervention to near and far cognitive functions”. Gerontology 48(5), p. 329-340.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12169801/

Processing speed training not only improves the processing speed but is also transmitted to certain everyday functions.
Edwards, J.D., Wadley, V.G., Vance, D.E., Wood, K., Roenker, D.L. & Ball, K.K. (2005) ”The impact of speed of processing training on cognitive and everyday performance”. Aging and Mental Health 9(3), p. 262-271.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16019280/

Processing speed training has a significant impact on processing speed in everyday functions, five-year effect at a minimum.
Willis, S.L., Tennstedt, S.L., Marsiske, M., Ball, K., Elias, J., Koepke, K.M., Moris, J.N., Rebok, G.W., Unverzagt, F.W., Stoddard, A.M. & Wright, E. (2006) ”Long-term Efect of Cognitive training on Everyday Functional Outcomes in Older Adults”. JAMA 296(23), p. 2805-2814.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910591/

Cognitive training of reasoning and processing speed improves the cognitive specific feeling of personal control of life among elderly people.
Wolinsky, F.D., Weg, M.W.V., Martin, R., Unverzagt, F.W., Willis, S.L., Marsiske, M., Rebok, G.W., Morris, J.N., Ball, K.K. & Tennstedt, S.L. (2010) ”Does Cognitive Training Improve Internal Locus of Control Among Older Adults?”. The Journal of Gerontology Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 65B(5), p. 591-598.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2920943/

Note 112

Six weeks of brain training among older adults showed vastly positive effects on everyday problem solving and reasoning.
Strenzjok, M., Parasuraman, R., Clarke, E., Cisler, D.S., Thompson, J.C. & Greenwood, P.M. (2014) ”Neurocognitive enhancement in older adilts: comparison of three cognitive training task to test a hypothesis of training transfer in brain connectivity”. Neuroimage 85(3), p. 1027-1039.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23933474/

People can achieve considerable improvement in memory, also in everyday life, if they perform the right sort of scientifically designed cognitive exercises.
Smith, G.E., Housen, P., Yaffe, K., Ruff, R., Kennison, R.F, Mahncke, H.W. & Zelinski, E.M. (2009) ”A Cognitive training Program Based on Principles of Brain Plasticity: Result from the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training (IMPACT) Study”. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 57(4), p. 594-603.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169294/

Cognitive training limits the deterioration of the ability to balance and improves gait whilst distracted, making it a promising approach to the prevention of falls.
Smith-Ray, R.L., Hughes, S.L., Prohaska, T.R., Little, D.M., Jurivich, D.A. & Hedeker, D. (2015) ”Impact of Cognitive Training on Balance and Gait in Older Adults”. The Journal of Gerontology Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 70(3), p. 357-366.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24192586/

Elderly people with the greatest decline in executive function experience more fall experience, but cognitive and attention training can significantly improve this.
Smith-Ray, R.L., Makowski-Woidan, B. & Hughes, S.L. (2014) ”A Randomized Trial to Measure the Impact of a Community-Based Cognotive Training Intervention on Balance and Gait in Cognitively Intact Black Older Adults”. Health Education & Behavior 41(1), p. 62-69.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4326003/

Ten-year effects of cognitive training of everyday functions among elderly people.
Rebok, G.W., Ball, K., Guey, L.T., Jones, R.N., Kim, HY., King, J.W., Marsiske, M., Morris, J.N., Tennstedt, S.L., Unverzagt, F.W. & Willis, S.L. (2014) ”Ten-Year Effects of the Active Cognitive Training Trail on Cognition and Everyday Functioning in Older Adults”. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 62(1), p. 16-24.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055506/

Note 113

Musical training contributed to lightening the mood and reducing symptoms of stress and anxiety. The multi-sensory process was enhanced.
Che, Y., Jicol, C., Ashwin, C. & Petrini, K. (2022) ”An RCT study showing few weeks of music lessons enhance audio-visual temporal processing”. Scientific Reports 12, article 20087.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/piano-audio-visual-stress-21994/

Note 114

The good form of stress promotes chemical processes in the brain which stimulate the growth of the brain cells and lead to an increased number of nerve cells in areas involved in learning.
Pham, T.M., Soderstrom, S., Henriksson, B.G. & Mohammed, A.H. (1997) ”Effects of neonatal stimulation on later cognitive function and hippocampus nerve growth factor”. Behavioral Brain Research 86(1), p. 113-120.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166432896022528

Mild stress will increase the amount of the neuro hormones which increase the brain’s plasticity and reorganisation.
Myers, D.G. & De Wall, C.N. (2020) Psychology, 13. edition. Worth Publishers.

Cowan, W.M. & Kandel, E.R. (2001) A brief history of synapses and synaptic transmission. Synapses. John Hopkins University Press, p. 1-87.
Extract from the book: https://web.math.princeton.edu/~sswang/Cowan-Synapses-Preface-Chapter1.pdf

Note 115

The consciousness can programme the autopilot to obey an instruction that surpasses the habitual reactions.
Monsell, p. (2003) Task Switching, Trends in Cognitive Science. Science Direct 7(3), p. 134-140.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364661303000287

Kahneman, D. (2013) Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Note 116

Without the knowledge of the staff, healthy people were admitted to a psychiatric ward for observation for schizophrenia. These”pseudo patients” were to behave as usual. But the journals showed that the test persons’ normal behaviour was interpreted as schizophrenia.
Rosenhan, D.L. (1973) ”On being sane in insane places”. Science 179(4070), p. 250-258.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4683124/

Note 117

Gestalt-barken constructs our own version of reality.
Lieberman, M. (2022) ”Seeing Minds, Matter, and Meaning: The Coping Model of Pre-Reflective Subjective Control”. PsyArXiv Preprint, 28. January.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/native-realism-neuroscience-20789/

Hippocampus brings pieces of memory together over time and connects them in narrative memories.
Cohn-Sheehy, B.I., Delarazan, A.I., Reagh, Z.M., Crevelli-Decker, J.E., Kim, K., Barnett, A.J., Zacks, J.M. & Ranganath, C. (2021) ”The hippocampus constructs narrative memories across distant events”. Current Biology 31(22), p. 4935-4945.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/hippocampus-narrative-memory-19383/

Note 118

When a sentence cannot be interpreted by recalling an image from our memory, we depend on voluntary fantasy to construct a new mental image in our mind.
Vyshedsky, A. (2022) ”Language evolution is not limites to speech acquisition: a large study of language development in children with language deficits highlights the importance of the voluntary imagination component of language”. Rio Journal, 14 July.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/language-evolution-21047/

Note 119

We generalise to reduce the probability of being surprised.
Pain, R., Kirchoff, M.D. & Mann, S.F. (2022) ”Life Hates Surprises: Can an Ambitious – Free Energy Principle – Theory Unify Biology, Neuroscience and Psychology?”. The Conversation, 14 August.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/free-energy-principle-21248/

The brain is a machine of predictions that is constantly active.
Heilbron, M., Armeni, K., Schoffelen, J.M., Hagoort, P. & de Lange, F.P. (2022) ”A hierarchy of linguistic predictions during natural language comprehension”. PNAS 119 (32), article e2201968119.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/prediction-brain-21183/

Note 120

Humour and laughter consist of confusion, resolution and indication of the fact that I am not dangerous.
Bellieni, C.V. (2022) ”Why Do WE Laugh? New Study Considers Possible Evolutionary Reasons Behind This Very Human Behaviour”. The Conversation, 22 September.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/laughter-evolution-21510/

Note 121

If you have just heard the word food, the autopilot will search for answers in the ”food area” if you are asked for an answer.
Whittlesea, B.W.A., Jacoby, L.L. & Girad, K. (1990) ”Illusion of Immediate Memory: Evidence of an Attributional Basis for Feeling of Familiarity and Perceptual Quality”. Journal of Memory and Language 29(6), p. 716-732.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0749596X90900452

Note 122

A very simple distraction is counting backwards from 100 with intervals of three: 100-97-94-91 etc. Then there is no capacity in the working memory for nervous thoughts.
Beilock, p. (2011) Choke. What the Secrets of the Brain Reveal about Getting It Right When You Have to. Free Press.

Note 123

Acknowledgement of the fact that the mind wanders is a prerequisite for being able to control it.
Kawashima, I., Nagahama, T., Kumano, H. Momose, K. & Tanaka, S.C. (2023) ”Pavlovian-based neurofeedback enhances meta-awareness of mind-wandering”. Neural Networks 158, p. 239-248.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/mind-wandering-neurofeedback-22265/

Note 124

Lumosity (www.lumosity.com) have exercises that, with documented effect, train all the executive functions, including attention.

Holmes, J., Gathercole, S.E. & Dunning, D.L. (2009) ”Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children”. Developmental Science 12(4), p. F9-F15.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19635074/

Jaeggi, S.M., Buschkuehl, M., Duncan, G.J., Tsai, N., Sheehan, E. & Au, J. (2015) ”Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: a meta-analysis”. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22. April (2), p. 266-377.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25102926/

Note 125

Children were given the choice between eating one Oreo biscuit right away or two if they could wait until the experiment leader returned. The children who were able to wait focused their attention on something else and had a significantly higher IQ than those who did not succeed. They were also better at controlling their feelings.

Mischel, W. & Ebbesen, E.B. (1970) ”Attention in Delay of Gratification”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16(2), p. 329-337.
Abstract: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1971-02138-001

Mischel, W. (1974) ”Processes in Delay of Gratification”. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 7, p. 249-292.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065260108600398

Rodriguez, M.I., Shoda, Y. & Mischel, W. (1989) ”Delay of Gratification in Children”. Science 244(4907), p. 933-938.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2658056/

Eigsti, I., Zayas, V, Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., Ayduk, O., Dadlani, M.B., Davidson, M.C., Aber, J.L. & Casey, B.J. (2006) ”Predicting cognitive control from preschool to late adolescence and young adulthood”. Psychological Science 17(6), p. 478-484.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16771797/

Note 126

The ability to supress impulses and dominating behavioural reactions is developed in early childhood with significant improvements between three and four years.
Berger, P., Friederici, A.D. & Wiesmann, C.G. (2022) ”Maturational Indices of the Cognitive Control Network Are Associated with Inhibitory Control in Early Childhood”. Journal of Neuroscience 42(32), p. 6258-6266.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/preschool-brain-inhibition-21011/

Note 127

Cultural habits also play a part in how long children can wait in the marshmallow test. It is an acquired ability.
Yanaoka, K., Michaelson, L.E., Guild, R.M., Dostart, G., Yonehiro, J., Saito, p. & Munakata, Y. (2022) ”Culture Crossing: The Power of Habit in Delaying Gratification”. Psychological Science 33(7).
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/culture-delayed-gratification-21098/

Note 128

The ability to control attention has a direct spill over effect on intelligence and the ability to control feelings.

Kahneman, D., Ben-Ishai, R. & Lotan, M. (1973) ”Relation of ad test of Attention to Road accidents”. Journal of Applied Psychology 58(1), p. 113-115.
Abstract: https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fh0035426

Gopher, D. (1982) ”A Selective Attention Test as a Prediction of Success in Flight Training”. Human Factors 24(2), p. 173-183.
Abstract: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001872088202400203

Rueda, M.R., Rothbart, M.K., McCandliss, B.D., Saccomanno, L. & Posner, M.I. (2005) ”Training, Maturation, and Genetic Influences of the Development of Executive Attention”. PNAS 102(41), p. 14931-14936.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16192352/

Alloway, T.P. & Alloway, R.G. (2010) ”Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment”. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 106(1), p. 20-29.
Abstract: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223032127_Investigating_the_predictive_roles_of_working_memory_and_IQ_in_academic_attainment

Attention is a significant prerequisite for the memory.
Wilson, B.A. (2009) Memory rehabilitation. Integrating Theory and practice. The Guildford Press.

Note 129

You can train executive attention.
Posner, M.I., Rothbart, M.K., Rueda, M.R. & Tang, Y. (2010) Training effortless attention: Effortless Attention. A new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action. Editor Bruya, B. Bradford Book, p. 409-424.

The same lateral frontal regions are recruited by a wide range of varying cognitive demands.
Duncan, J., Seitz, R.J., Kolodny, J., Bor, D., Herzog, H., Ahmed, A., Newell, F.N. & Emslie, H. (2000) ”A Neural Basis for General Intelligence”. Science 289(5478), p. 457-460.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10903207/

Note 130

At times, people can effortlessly be deeply focused for a long period. It is a state of effortless attention called flow, during which resources are released that can be used on the task at hand.
Kahneman, D. (2013) Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Effortless attention can objectively be measured as the brain’s consumption of glucose, whereas the subjective effort is the person’s experience of effort. In the event of effortless attention, the objective side can be high, whilst the person experiences no mental effort and feels ease. Effortless attention arises easier when doing something you enjoy.
Bruya, B. (2010) Effortless Attention. A new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action. Bradford Book.

Note 131

The brain’s standard state is a bias of negative valence, for instance fear. When neurotensin is released, the neurons associated with positive valence are triggered.
Li, H., Namburi, P., Olson, J.M., Borio, M., Lemieux, M.E., Beyeler, A., Calhoon, G.G., Hitora-Imamura, N., Coley, A.A., Libster, A., Bal, A., Jin, X., Wang, H., Jia, C., Choudhury, S.R., Shi, X., Felix-Ortiz, A.D., de la Fuente, V., Barth, V.P., King, H.O., Izadmehr, E.M., Revenna, J.S., Batra, K., Fischer, K.B., Keyes, L.R., Padilla-Coreano, N., Siciliano, C.A., McCullough, K.M., Wichmann, R., Ressker, K.J., Fiete, I.R., Zhang, F., Li, Y. & Tye, K.M. (2022) ”Neurotensin orchestrates valence assignment in the amygdala”. Nature 608, p. 586-592.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/positive-negative-memory-21077/

Note 132

Increased optimism is connected with longer longevity and a greater probability of an exceptionally long life.
Koga, H.K., Trudel-Fitzgerald, C., Lee, L.O., James, P., Kroenke, C., Garcia, L., Shadyab, A.H., Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., anson, J.E., Grodstein, F. & Kubzansky, L.D. (2022) ”Optimism, lifestyle, and longevity in racially diverse cohort of women”. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 70(10), p. 2793-2804.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/optimism-longevity-20784/

Note 133

Mindfulness relaxes the brain, whereas when practicing Tummo meditation, voluntary control of stress can be achieved, which means that we can maximise our physical and cognitive performances.
Kozhevnikov, M., Veronikalrene, A., McDougal, E., Dhond, R. & Samuel, G. (2022) ”Beyond mindfulness: Arousal-driven modulation of attentional control during arousal-based practices”. Current Research in Neurobiology 3, article 100053.
Abstract: https://neurosciencenews.com/stress-arousal-meditation-21598/

Theta brain waves is, among other things, connected to various forms of meditation/mindfulness.

Delmonte, M.M. (1984) ”Physiological responses during meditation and rest”. Biofeedback and Selv-Regulation 9(2), p. 181-200.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6391562/

Andresen, J. (2000) ”Meditation meets behavioural medicine: The story of experimental research on meditation”. Journal of Consciousness Studies 7(11-12), s.17-73.
Abstract: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-16215-001

Travis, F. & Shear, J. (2010) ”Focused attention, open monitoring and automatic self-transcending: Categories to organize meditations from Vedic, Buddhist and Chinese traditions”. Consciousness and Cognition 19(4), p. 1110-1118.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20167507/

Note 134

Meditation reduces frontoparietal beta band activity.

Ikemi, A. (1988) ”Psychophysiological effects of self-regulation method: EEG frequency analysis and contingent negative variations”. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 49(3-4), p. 230-239.
Abstract: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-28682-001

Jacobs, G.D., Benson, H. & Friedman, R. (1996) ”Topographic EEG mapping of the relaxation response”. Biofeedback & Self Regulation 21(2), p. 121-129.
Abstract: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1996-05040-003

Note 135

Increased theta activity reflects a relaxed, drowsy state during mindfulness and meditation-based techniques.

Cahn, B.R. & Polich, J. (2006) ”Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies”. Psychological Bulletin 132 (2), p. 180-211.
Abstract: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-03023-002

Ivanovski, B. & Malhi, G.S. (2007) ”The psychological and neurophysiological concomitants of mindfulness forms of meditation”. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 19(2), p. 76-91.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26952819/

Chiesa, A. & Serretti, A. (2010) ”A systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations”. Psychological Medicine 40(8), p. 1239-1252.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19941676/

Note 136

Mindfulness lessons at school have no effect on teenagers.
Dunning, D., Ahmed, S., Foulkes, L., Griffin, K., Griffiths, K., Leung, J.T., Parker, J., Pi-Sunyer, B.P., Sakhardande, A., Bennett, M., Haag, C., Montero-Marin, J., Packman, D., Vainre, M., Watson, P., Kuyken, W., Williams, J.M.G., Ukoumunne, O.C., Blakemore, p. & Dalgleish, T. (2022) ”The impact of mindfulness training in early adolescence on affective executive control, and on later mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic: a randomised controlled trial”. BMJ Mental Health 25(3).
Abstract: https://mentalhealth.bmj.com/content/25/3/110

Note 137

Mindfulness makes no structural changes to the brain, because no gamma waves are created.
Kral, T.A., Davis, K., Korponay, C., Hirshberg, M.J., Hoel, R., Tello, L.Y., Goldman, R.I., Rosenkranz, M.A., Lutz, A. & Davidson, R.J. (2022) ”Absence of stryctural brain changes from mindfulness-based stress reduction: Two combined randomized controlled trials”. Science Advances 20(20).
Abstract: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abk3316

Note 138

One single dose of Attention Training Technique improves resting alpha and beta oscillations in the frontoparietal network that are known to be implicated in top-down attention and executive control. In addition, limited theta band activity.

Brown, B.B. (1974) New Mind, New Body: Bio-feedback: New Directions for the Mind. Harper & Row.

Austin, J.H. (1999) Zen and the Brain: Towards an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness. MIT Press.

Chan, A.S., Cheung, M.C., Sze, S.L., Leung, W.W.M. & Shi, D.J. (2011) ”Shaolin dan tian breating fosters relaxed and attentive mind: a randomized controlled neuro-electrophysiological study”. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 4, article 180707, p. 493-502.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20976126/

Beta band improvement reflects engagement of frontoparietal network that is presumed involved in top-down attention control.

Bisley, J.W. & Goldberg, M.E. (2003) ”Neuronal Activity in the Lateral Intraparietal Area and Spatial Attention”. Science 299(5603), p. 81-86.
Abstract: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1077395

Gross, J., Schmitz, F., Schnitzler, I., Kessler, K., Shapiro, K., Hommel, B. & Schnitzler, A. (2004) ”Modulation of long-range neural synchrony reflects temporal limitations of visual attention in humans”. PNAS 101(35), p. 13050-13055.
Abstract: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0404944101

Basile, L.F.H., Anghinah, R., Ribeiro, P., Ramos, R.T., Piedade, R., Ballester, G. & Brunetti, E.P. (2007) ”Interindividual variability in EEG correlates of attention and limits of functional mapping”. International Journal of Psychophysiology 65(3), p. 238-251.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167876007001018

Swann, N., Tandon, N., Canolty, R., Ellmore, T.M., McEvoy, L.K., Dreyer, S., DiSano, M. & Aron, A.R. (2009) ”Intercranial EEG reveals a time- and frequency- specific role for the right inferior frontal gyrus and primary motor cortex in stopping initiated responses”. The Journal of Neuroscience 29(40), p. 12675-12685.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19812342/

ATT increased areas of the cognitive control network and the dorsal attentional network.
Rosenbaum, D., Mair, J.M., Hudak, J., Metzger, F.G., Wells, A., Fallgatter, A.J. & Ehlis, A. (2018) ”Neurophysiological correlates of the attention training tecnique: A component study”. Neuroimage: Clinical 19, p. 1018-1024.
Abstract: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213158218302043

Note 139

Note 140

Note 141

Proactive thought control is better than reactive, however, reactive thought control can also reduce the number of undesired thoughts.
Fradkin. I. & Eldar, E. (2022) ”If you don’t let it in, you don´t have to get it out: Thought preemtion as a method to control unwanted thoughts”. PLOS Computational Biology, 14 July.
Abstract: https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010285

Psykiatrifonden (The Danish Psychiatry Foundation): Stop negative black-white generalisations during depression and replace them with not too positive words.
Danielsen, M. (2020) ”Depression”. Article on homepage of Psykiatrifonden.
Article: https://psykiatrifonden.dk/hjaelp-raadgivning/mentale-motionscenter/depression

Psykiatrifonden (The Danish Psychiatry Foundation): In the event of anxiety, say STOP and imagine a red stop sign. Direct your attention outwards to activate the thinking brain.
Diamant, C. (2020) “Angst”. Article on homepage of Psykiatrifonden.
Article: https://psykiatrifonden.dk/hjaelp-raadgivning/mentale-motionscenter/angst

Note 142

Spatial education improves learning, and when verbal learning is transferred to something spatial, the verbal expression is enhanced and proves that the autopilot thinks in images.
Cortes, R.A., Peterson, E.G., Kraemer, D.J.M., Kolvoord, R.A., Uttal, D.H., Dinh, N., Weinberger, A.B., Daker, R.J., Lyons, I.M., Goldman, D. & Green, A.E. (2022) ”Transfer from spatial education to verbal reasoning and prediction of transfer from learning-related neural change”. Science Advances 8(32).
Abstract: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abo3555

Memory does not consist of literal records of reality. Opinions and emotions are stored, which the particular experience provides.
Hart, S. (2008) Brain, Attachment, Personality. Routledge.

Note 143

Effect of internet-based ABM on anxiety among Japanese workers.
Tayama, J., Shimazu, A., Ogawa, p. & Nakaya, N. (2021) ”Effect of internet-based attention bias modification on the anxiety of Japanese workers: A randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Occupational Health 63(1), article e12229.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33932320/

Note 144

Transient neural responses to negative images predict outcomes after targeted computer-based intervention.
Price, R.B., Cummings, L., Gilchrist, D., Graur, S., Banihashemi, L., Kuo, S.S. & Siegle, G.J. (2018) ”Towards personalized, brain-based behavioral intervention for transdiagnostic anxiety: Transient neural responses to negative images predict outcomes following a targeted computer-based intervention”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 86(12), p. 1031-1045.
Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30507228/

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